CMS Phase 1 (2010-2012) Projects

 

Balch (OBB 2009) (2010)
Project Title:Coccolithophores of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas: Harbingers of a polar biogeochemical province in transition?

Science Team
Members:

William (Barney) Balch, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences (Project Lead)

Solicitation:NASA: Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry (2009)
Abstract: I propose a series of biological and bio-optical observations to address the role of calcifiers in the Arctic Ocean (AO). The biogeochemical province that includes the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas is expected to undergo fundamental changes as the ice cap melts, affecting both the biota (increased abundance of coccolithophores) and the biooptical properties of the water mass (due to increased abundance of highly-scattering calcium carbonate coccoliths). I am proposing a series of measurements to be done on the two NASA cruises to the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, falling into “discrete” and “underway” sampling. The discrete measurements will determine: calcification rate (using the 14C micro-diffusion method which also estimates total primary productivity), concentrations of the two major sea water ballast minerals (particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) plus biogenic silica (BSi)) and coccolithophore/phytoplankton abundance (using polarized microscopy plus a Flow-cam). Automated underway measurements will be made for: inherent optical properties (spectral absorption and attenuation [dissolved and particulate], backscattering, acid-labile backscattering, chlorophyll fluorescence, all sampled from the ship’s seawater system) plus apparent optical properties (spectral upwelling radiance, sky radiance and downwelling irradiance as measured from bowmounted radiometers). The latter measurements will provide critical matchups for satellite measurements, as well as radiometry for use in real time estimates of chlorophyll and PIC when clouds obscure the satellite view. In the latter two years of the project, the ship data will be used for regional calibration and validation of PIC and calcification algorithms so that we can use the historical data base of satellite ocean color to examine for long-term changes in coccolithophore abundance in the AO. This work will provide fundamental, new knowledge on the standing stocks and production rates of calcium carbonate by coccolithophores, in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. These proposed measurements will be the first-ever, direct 14C measurements of coccolithophore calcification in the AO, as opposed to indirect estimates based on carbonate system parameters or ocean color. Why is this important? First, PIC represents the most important ballast material responsible for sinking POC, which drives the biological pump. Indeed, the future of calcification and PIC production represents the future of the ocean’s biological pump. Moreover, even at typical, non-bloom concentrations, coccolith PIC is a significant contributor to the ocean albedo. In summer, they likely have even greater impact in the AO when extensive coccolithophore blooms form. Second, global climate change and ocean acidification are bringing unprecedented changes to the AO by a) melting the seasonal plus permanent sea ice cover, and b) slowly decreasing the pH over the next century. Decreasing sea ice cover will likely bring about a major biological shift in the Boreal Polar biogeochemical province (Longhurst et al., 1995), making it more Sub-Arctic in character. This is hypothesized to be allowing the current invasion of coccolithophores to the AO over the last decade. Less sea ice cover may also allow more air-sea influx of anthropogenic CO2, the cause of ocean acidification; this is expected to have the largest negative impact on calcifiers at high latitudes due to lower calcite and aragonite saturation states there. Our bio-optical measurements will allow critical revisions to PIC and calcification algorithms for the AO, technically impossible to do now due to a paucity of ship data. Armed with these validated algorithms, our proposed retrospective investigation of ocean color imagery for PIC and calcification in the AO will be critical to discern long time-scale changes in AO calcifiers associated with climate change.
Project Associations:
  • CMS
 CMS Science Theme(s):
  • Ocean Biomass
  • Ocean-Atmosphere Flux

Participants:

William (Barney) Balch, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

Project URL(s): http://www.espo.nasa.gov/icescape/
 
Data
Products:
Product Title:  Measurements of calcification rate (including total primary productivity)
Time Period:  June and July of 2011
Description:  Collect various biological and bio-optical observations to address the role of calcifiers in the Arctic Ocean.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  Ocean Biomass; Ocean-Atmosphere Flux
Keywords:  Carbon Stocks (oceanic); Flux/Movement (oceanic; atmospheric)
Spatial Extent:  Western Arctic Ocean
Spatial Resolution:  Not Applicable, involves direct biological samplings along km-scale transects
Temporal Frequency:  Daily
Input Data Products:  Calcification, primary productivity
Algorithm/Models Used:  N/A
Evaluation:  N/A
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  Technique uses a killed control (based on microdiffusion technique to derive both primary productivity and calcification
Uncertainty Estimates:  14C numbers good to +/-10%
Uncertainty Categories:  Rates of primary production and calcification
Application Areas:  - Fisheries regulations - Ocean acidification mitigation - Global carbon budget calculations - Coastal land management
Relevant Policies/Programs:  Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM) Act, International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP), Doha Amendment to Kyoto Protocol (Doha/Kyoto), NALS, USCCSP
Potential Users:  NOAA, EPA, Global Carbon Project (GCP), NASA
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  1
Start Application Readiness Level:  1
Target Application Readiness Level:  1
Future Developments:  - Shared updates at the Ocean Sciences meeting in February 2014. - Already submitted data to an open access data site. - Publish 2 articles on the giant subsurface algal bloom under ice and regional descriptions of observations in Bering Sea.
Limitations:  - No historical (baseline) data for direct 14C measurements of coccolithophore calcification in the Arctic Ocean.
Date When Product Available:  Data available in SEABASS
Assigned Data Center:  SeaBASS
Metadata URL(s):

https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/BIGELOW/BALCH/ICESCAPE/ICESCAPE2011/documents
Data Server URL(s):

https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/BIGELOW/BALCH/ICESCAPE/ICESCAPE2011/archive
Archived Data Citation:  SeaBASS Archive for N/A

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-172.30000 East Longitude:-137.30000
North Latitude:71.70000 South Latitude:68.70000

Product Title:  Measurements of coccolithophore/phytoplankton abundance
Time Period:  June and July of 2011
Description:  Collect various biological and bio-optical observations to address the role of calcifiers in the Arctic Ocean.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  Ocean Biomass; Ocean-Atmosphere Flux
Keywords:  Carbon Stocks (oceanic); Flux/Movement (oceanic; atmospheric)
Spatial Extent:  Western Arctic Ocean
Spatial Resolution:  Not Applicable, involves direct biological samplings along km-scale transects
Temporal Frequency:  Daily
Input Data Products:  Calcification, primary productivity
Algorithm/Models Used:  N/A
Evaluation:  N/A
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  Technique uses a killed control (based on microdiffusion technique to derive both primary productivity and calcification
Uncertainty Estimates:  14C numbers good to +/-10%
Uncertainty Categories:  Rates of primary production and calcification
Application Areas:  - Fisheries regulations - Ocean acidification mitigation - Global carbon budget calculations - Coastal land management
Relevant Policies/Programs:  Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM) Act, International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP), Doha Amendment to Kyoto Protocol (Doha/Kyoto), NALS, USCCSP
Potential Users:  NOAA, EPA, Global Carbon Project (GCP), NASA
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  1
Start Application Readiness Level:  1
Target Application Readiness Level:  1
Future Developments:  - Shared updates at the Ocean Sciences meeting in February 2014. - Already submitted data to an open access data site. - Publish 2 articles on the giant subsurface algal bloom under ice and regional descriptions of observations in Bering Sea.
Limitations:  No historical (baseline) data for direct 14C measurements of coccolithophore calcification in the Arctic Ocean.
Date When Product Available:  Data available in SEABASS
Assigned Data Center:  SeaBASS
Metadata URL(s):

https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/BIGELOW/BALCH/ICESCAPE/ICESCAPE2011/documents
Data Server URL(s):

https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/BIGELOW/BALCH/ICESCAPE/ICESCAPE2011/archive
Archived Data Citation:  SeaBASS Archive for N/A

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-172.30000 East Longitude:-137.30000
North Latitude:71.70000 South Latitude:68.70000

Product Title:  Measurements of particulate inorganic carbon and biogenic silica concentrations
Time Period:  June and July of 2011
Description:  Collect various biological and bio-optical observations to address the role of calcifiers in the Arctic Ocean.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  Ocean Biomass; Ocean-Atmosphere Flux
Keywords:  Ecosystem Composition & Structure (particulate inorganic carbon, biogenic silica)
Spatial Extent:  Western Arctic Ocean
Spatial Resolution:  Not Applicable, involves direct biological samplings along km-scale transects
Temporal Frequency:  Daily
Input Data Products:  Calcification, primary productivity
Algorithm/Models Used:  N/A
Evaluation:  N/A
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  Technique uses a killed control (based on microdiffusion technique to derive both primary productivity and calcification
Uncertainty Estimates:  14C numbers good to +/-10%
Uncertainty Categories:  Rates of primary production and calcification
Application Areas:  - Fisheries regulations - Ocean acidification mitigation - Global carbon budget calculations - Coastal land management
Relevant Policies/Programs:  Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM) Act, International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP), Doha Amendment to Kyoto Protocol (Doha/Kyoto), NALS, USCCSP
Potential Users:  NOAA, EPA, Global Carbon Project (GCP), NASA
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  1
Start Application Readiness Level:  1
Target Application Readiness Level:  1
Future Developments:  - Shared updates at the Ocean Sciences meeting in February 2014. - Already submitted data to an open access data site. - Publish 2 articles on the giant subsurface algal bloom under ice and regional descriptions of observations in Bering Sea.
Limitations:  No historical (baseline) data for direct 14C measurements of coccolithophore calcification in the Arctic Ocean.
Date When Product Available:  Data available in SEABASS
Assigned Data Center:  SeaBASS
Metadata URL(s):

https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/BIGELOW/BALCH/ICESCAPE/ICESCAPE2011/documents
Data Server URL(s):

https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/BIGELOW/BALCH/ICESCAPE/ICESCAPE2011/archive
Archived Data Citation:  SeaBASS Archive for N/A

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-172.30000 East Longitude:-137.30000
North Latitude:71.70000 South Latitude:68.70000

 
Publications: Balch, W. M., Bowler, B. C., Drapeau, D. T., Lubelczyk, L. C., Lyczkowski, E. 2018. Vertical Distributions of Coccolithophores, PIC, POC, Biogenic Silica, and Chlorophyll a Throughout the Global Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 32(1), 2-17. DOI: 10.1002/2016GB005614

Balch, W., Huntington, T., Aiken, G., Drapeau, D., Bowler, B., Lubelczyk, L., Butler, K. 2016. Toward a quantitative and empirical dissolved organic carbon budget for the Gulf of Maine, a semienclosed shelf sea. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 30(2), 268-292. DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005332

Cao, X., Aiken, G. R., Butler, K. D., Huntington, T. G., Balch, W. M., Mao, J., Schmidt-Rohr, K. 2018. Evidence for major input of riverine organic matter into the ocean. Organic Geochemistry. 116, 62-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.11.001

Balch, W. M., Bowler, B. C., Lubelczyk, L. C., Stevens, M. W. 2014. Aerial extent, composition, bio-optics and biogeochemistry of a massive under-ice algal bloom in the Arctic. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 105, 42-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.04.001

Arrigo, K. R., Perovich, D. K., Pickart, R. S., Brown, Z. W., van Dijken, G. L., Lowry, K. E., Mills, M. M., Palmer, M. A., Balch, W. M., Bates, N. R., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Brownlee, E., Frey, K. E., Laney, S. R., Mathis, J., Matsuoka, A., Greg Mitchell, B., Moore, G. W. K., Reynolds, R. A., Sosik, H. M., Swift, J. H. 2014. Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 105, 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018

Archived Data Citations: SeaBASS Archive for N/A

 

Behrenfeld (NOPP 2009) (2010)
Project Title:Characterizing the Phytoplankton Component of Oceanic Particle Assemblages

Science Team
Members:

Michael Behrenfeld, Oregon State University (Project Lead)

Solicitation:NOPP: National Oceanographic Partnership Program Broad Agency Announcement (2009)
Abstract: This research project is focused on the development of a technique for routinely assessing phytoplankton carbon biomass (Cphyto) in the field. If successful, this investment will create a foundation for (1) evaluating and evolving new satellite Cphyto products, (2) characterizing light- and nutrient-stress effects in the field independently of radiotracer measurements, and (3) distinguishing physiological- and biomass-responses to climate forcings in satellite time-series of ocean color (Fig. 1). The measurement and future validated retrieval of phytoplantkon biomass is essential for understanding global ocean carbon pools and fluxes and for detecting changes in this key carbon stock over time. Throughout the history of satellite ocean color measurements, chlorophyll concentration has functioned as the primary parameter retrieved from space related to the abundance of phytoplankton in the upper ocean. The relationship between phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll concentration, however, is highly variable due to physiological adjustments in intracellular pigmentation resulting from variations in light and nutrient conditions of the mixed layer. Indeed, phytoplankton Chl:C ratios can vary by nearly 2 orders of magnitude (Geider 1987, Behrenfeld et al. 2005). Recently, an approach has emerged for directly estimating Cphyto from remote sensing retrievals of particle backscattering (Behrenfeld et al. 2005). Multiple studies have attempted to evaluate the scattering-biomass relationship, but true validation of satellite Cphyto products remains impossible due to a near complete lack of field Cphyto estimates. The current proposed study will develop a technique for measuring Cphyto and demonstrate its application in the field. Our approach is multifaceted to improve the probability of success, including both flow-cytometer sample analysis and construction of a new liquid-aperture particle counter/sizer. This work directly addresses the objectives of NASA’s Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry program by providing new scientific evaluation capabilities for novel space-based measurements of global ocean phytoplankton communities that will improve ocean productivity estimates and lead to robust satellite physiological products for comparison with ocean biogeochemical-ecosystem models.
Measurement Approaches:
  • Remote Sensing
  • In Situ Measurements
 Project Associations:
  • CMS
CMS Science Theme(s):
  • Ocean Biomass

Participants:

Michael Behrenfeld, Oregon State University
Jason Graff, Oregon State University
Allen Milligan, Oregon State University

Project URL(s): None provided.
 
Data
Products:
Product Title:  Measurements of phytoplankton carbon
Time Period:  1997-2012
Description:  Develop method(s) for measuring phytoplankton carbon biomass in the open ocean on a routine basis
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  Ocean Biomass
Keywords:  ocean biomass phytoplankton measurement methods
Spatial Extent:  global
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  Field measurements from ocean cruises TAO and SABOR
Algorithm/Models Used:  N/A for this study directly, but is relevant to the Carbon-based Production Model (CbPM)
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  site specific comparisons to local optical measurements
Uncertainty Estimates:  preliminary evaluation of uncertainty can be made with point-source data but full evaluation of global phytoplankton carbon retrieval uncertainties is beyond the scope of current study and must await additional funding
Uncertainty Categories:  model-data comparison
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  3
Start Application Readiness Level:  1
Target Application Readiness Level:  3
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2015-11-01
Assigned Data Center:  SeaBASS
Metadata URL(s):

https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/OSU/TAO/ka_12_03
Data Server URL(s):

https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/OSU/TAO/ka_12_03
Archived Data Citation:  Behrenfeld,M. (2013). TAO 2012 Optics and Pigments. SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), NASA. Accessed (add access date). https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/OSU/TAO/ka_12_03

 
Publications: Jones, B. M., Halsey, K. H., Behrenfeld, M. J. 2017. Novel incubation-free approaches to determine phytoplankton net primary productivity, growth, and biomass based on flow cytometry and quantification of ATP and NAD(H). Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 15(11), 928-938. DOI: 10.1002/lom3.10213

Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Boss, E. S., Westberry, T. K., Graff, J. R., Halsey, K. H., Milligan, A. J., Siegel, D. A., Brown, M. B. 2015. Revaluating ocean warming impacts on global phytoplankton. Nature Climate Change. 6(3), 323-330. DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2838

Graff, J. R., Westberry, T. K., Milligan, A. J., Brown, M. B., Dall'Olmo, G., Dongen-Vogels, V. V., Reifel, K. M., Behrenfeld, M. J. 2015. Analytical phytoplankton carbon measurements spanning diverse ecosystems. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 102, 16-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2015.04.006

Behrenfeld, M. J. 2014. Climate-mediated dance of the plankton. Nature Climate Change. 4(10), 880-887. DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2349

Behrenfeld, M. J., Doney, S. C., Lima, I., Boss, E. S., Siegel, D. A. 2013. Annual cycles of ecological disturbance and recovery underlying the subarctic Atlantic spring plankton bloom. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 27(2), 526-540. DOI: 10.1002/gbc.20050

Behrenfeld, M. J., Boss, E. S. 2014. Resurrecting the Ecological Underpinnings of Ocean Plankton Blooms. Annual Review of Marine Science. 6(1), 167-194. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-052913-021325

Behrenfeld, M. J., Hu, Y., Hostetler, C. A., Dall'Olmo, G., Rodier, S. D., Hair, J. W., Trepte, C. R. 2013. Space-based lidar measurements of global ocean carbon stocks. Geophysical Research Letters. 40(16), 4355-4360. DOI: 10.1002/grl.50816

Siegel, D. A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Maritorena, S., McClain, C. R., Antoine, D., Bailey, S. W., Bontempi, P. S., Boss, E. S., Dierssen, H. M., Doney, S. C., Eplee, R. E., Evans, R. H., Feldman, G. C., Fields, E., Franz, B. A., Kuring, N. A., Mengelt, C., Nelson, N. B., Patt, F. S., Robinson, W. D., Sarmiento, J. L., Swan, C. M., Werdell, P. J., Westberry, T. K., Wilding, J. G., Yoder, J. A. 2013. Regional to global assessments of phytoplankton dynamics from the SeaWiFS mission. Remote Sensing of Environment. 135, 77-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.025

Graff, J. R., Milligan, A. J., Behrenfeld, M. J. 2012. The measurement of phytoplankton biomass using flow-cytometric sorting and elemental analysis of carbon. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 10(11), 910-920. DOI: 10.4319/lom.2012.10.910

Archived Data Citations: Behrenfeld,M. (2013). TAO 2012 Optics and Pigments. SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), NASA. Accessed (add access date). https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/OSU/TAO/ka_12_03

Outreach Activities:

Additional
Comments:		award no: NNX10AT70G

 

Friedrichs (IDS 2009) (2011)
Project Title:Impacts of Changing Climate and Land Use on Carbon Cycling and Budgets of the Coastal Ocean Margin: Observations, Analysis, and Modeling

Project Leader(s):

Marjorie (Marjy) Friedrichs, Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Eileen Hofmann, Old Dominion University

Solicitation:NASA: Interdisciplinary Research in Earth Science (2009)
Abstract: The overall goal of this project is to investigate the impact of climate variability, climate change, and land-cover/land-use change on the transport and cycling of carbon and nitrogen to and within the coastal ocean margins. This goal will be achieved by linking an ocean biogeochemical-circulation model of the Northeastern North American continental shelf (NENA) to a Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM). Both models will be initialized, forced and evaluated with a large suite of satellite data products. Three interconnected research questions will be addressed: 1) how do extreme climate events (floods, droughts) and climate change (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation) affect the magnitude and seasonality of river discharge, and transports of carbon and nitrogen from upland landscapes to the continental margin; 2) what are the impacts of these changes in terrestrial runoff on ecosystem processes and biogeochemical cycling within the continental margin and o n cross-shelf nutrient and carbon fluxes; and 3) how will projected land use, climate variability, and climate change influence carbon and nitrogen cycling in the US eastern coastal ocean margins through changing the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems in major watersheds on time scales of a century from now? These research questions will be addressed with an integrated modeling and data analysis approach. Much of the development and evaluation of the terrestrial (DLEM) and coastal ocean (NENA) models has been accomplished through prior activities, and thus the emphasis now is to couple the models and initiate coupled land-ocean simulations to address our interdisciplinary research questions.
Measurement Approaches:
  • Remote Sensing
  • Modeling
  • Synthesis
 Project Associations:
  • CMS
  • OCB
CMS Science Theme(s):
  • Ocean Biomass
  • Land-Ocean Flux

Participants:

Cathy Feng, Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Marjorie (Marjy) Friedrichs, Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Eileen Hofmann, Old Dominion University
Kimberly (Kim) Hyde, NOAA
Cindy Lee, Retired-Stony Brook University
Antonio Mannino, NASA GSFC
Raymond (Ray) Najjar, Pennsylvania State University
Sergio Signorini, NASA GSFC
Aboozar Tabatabai, Rutgers University
Hanqin Tian, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College
John Wilkin, Rutgers University
Yongjin Xiao, Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Qichun Yang, Pacific NW National Lab

Project URL(s): None provided.
 
Data
Products:
Product Title:  CMS: Annual Estimates of Global Riverine Nitrous Oxide Emissions, 1900-2016
Start Date:  01/1900      End Date:  12/2016     (1900-2016)
Description:  This dataset provides modeled estimates of annual nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions at a coarse geographic scale (0.5 x 0.5 degree) for two sets of global rivers and streams covering the period of 1900-2016. Emissions (g N2O-N/yr) are provided for higher-order rivers and streams (4th order). The estimates were derived from a water transport model, the Model for Scale Adaptive River Transport (MOSART), coupled with the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) to link hydrology and ecosystem processes pertaining to N2O flux and transport. Factors driving the model included climate, land use and land cover, and nitrogen inputs (i.e., fertilizer, deposition, manure, and sewage). Nitrogen discharges from streams and rivers to the ocean were calibrated from observations from 50 river basins across the globe.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  Ocean-Atmosphere Flux
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  Global
Spatial Resolution:  0.5 x 0.5 degrees
Temporal Frequency:  Annual
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  
Assigned Data Center:  ORNL DAAC
Metadata URL(s):

https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1791
Data Server URL(s):

https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1791
Archived Data Citation:  Yao, Y., and H. Tian. 2021. CMS: Annual Estimates of Global Riverine Nitrous Oxide Emissions, 1900-2016. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. DOI: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1791

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-180.00000 East Longitude:180.00000
North Latitude:88.50000 South Latitude:-88.50000

 
Publications: Friedman, J. R., Shadwick, E. H., Friedrichs, M. A., Najjar, R. G., De Meo, O. A., Da, F., Smith, J. L. 2020. Seasonal Variability of the CO 2 System in a Large Coastal Plain Estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 125(1). DOI: 10.1029/2019JC015609

Friedrichs, M. A. M., St-Laurent, P., Xiao, Y., Hofmann, E., Hyde, K., Mannino, A., Najjar, R. G., Narvaez, D. A., Signorini, S. R., Tian, H., Wilkin, J., Yao, Y., Xue, J. 2019. Ocean Circulation Causes Strong Variability in the Mid-Atlantic Bight Nitrogen Budget. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 124(1), 113-134. DOI: 10.1029/2018JC014424

Herrmann, M., Najjar, R. G., Da, F., Friedman, J. R., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Goldberger, S., Menendez, A., Shadwick, E. H., Stets, E. G., St-Laurent, P. 2020. Challenges in Quantifying Air-Water Carbon Dioxide Flux Using Estuarine Water Quality Data: Case Study for Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 125(7). DOI: 10.1029/2019JC015610

Irby, I. D., Friedrichs, M. A. M. 2018. Evaluating Confidence in the Impact of Regulatory Nutrient Reduction on Chesapeake Bay Water Quality. Estuaries and Coasts. 42(1), 16-32. DOI: 10.1007/s12237-018-0440-5

Kim, G. E., St-Laurent, P., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Mannino, A. 2020. Impacts of Water Clarity Variability on Temperature and Biogeochemistry in the Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries and Coasts. 43(8), 1973-1991. DOI: 10.1007/s12237-020-00760-x

Moriarty, J. M., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Harris, C. K. 2020. Seabed Resuspension in the Chesapeake Bay: Implications for Biogeochemical Cycling and Hypoxia. Estuaries and Coasts. 44(1), 103-122. DOI: 10.1007/s12237-020-00763-8

Najjar, R. G., Herrmann, M., Alexander, R., Boyer, E. W., Burdige, D. J., Butman, D., Cai, W., Canuel, E. A., Chen, R. F., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Feagin, R. A., Griffith, P. C., Hinson, A. L., Holmquist, J. R., Hu, X., Kemp, W. M., Kroeger, K. D., Mannino, A., McCallister, S. L., McGillis, W. R., Mulholland, M. R., Pilskaln, C. H., Salisbury, J., Signorini, S. R., St-Laurent, P., Tian, H., Tzortziou, M., Vlahos, P., Wang, Z. A., Zimmerman, R. C. 2018. Carbon Budget of Tidal Wetlands, Estuaries, and Shelf Waters of Eastern North America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 32(3), 389-416. DOI: 10.1002/2017GB005790

Najjar, R. G., Herrmann, M., Cintron Del Valle, S. M., Friedman, J. R., Friedrichs, M. A., Harris, L. A., Shadwick, E. H., Stets, E. G., Woodland, R. J. 2020. Alkalinity in Tidal Tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 125(1). DOI: 10.1029/2019JC015597

Shadwick, E. H., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Najjar, R. G., De Meo, O. A., Friedman, J. R., Da, F., Reay, W. G. 2019. High-Frequency CO 2 System Variability Over the Winter-to-Spring Transition in a Coastal Plain Estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 124(11), 7626-7642. DOI: 10.1029/2019JC015246

Signorini, S. R., Mannino, A., Friedrichs, M. A. M., St-Laurent, P., Wilkin, J., Tabatabai, A., Najjar, R. G., Hofmann, E. E., Da, F., Tian, H., Yao, Y. 2019. Estuarine Dissolved Organic Carbon Flux From Space: With Application to Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 124(6), 3755-3778. DOI: 10.1029/2018JC014646

St-Laurent, P., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Najjar, R. G., Shadwick, E. H., Tian, H., Yao, Y. 2020. Relative impacts of global changes and regional watershed changes on the inorganic carbon balance of the Chesapeake Bay. Biogeosciences. 17(14), 3779-3796. DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-3779-2020

Yang, Q., Tian, H., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hopkinson, C. S., Lu, C., Najjar, R. G. 2015. Increased nitrogen export from eastern North America to the Atlantic Ocean due to climatic and anthropogenic changes during 1901-2008. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 120(6), 1046-1068. DOI: 10.1002/2014JG002763

Yang, Q., Tian, H., Li, X., Ren, W., Zhang, B., Zhang, X., Wolf, J. 2016. Spatiotemporal patterns of livestock manure nutrient production in the conterminous United States from 1930 to 2012. Science of The Total Environment. 541, 1592-1602. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.044

Benway, H. M., Alin, S. R., Boyer, E., Cai, W., Coble, P. G., Cross, J. N., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Goni, M., Griffith, P., Herrmann, M., Lohrenz, S. E., Mathis, J. T., McKinley, G. A., Najjar, R. G., Pilskaln, C. H., Siedlecki, S. A., Smith, R. A. 2016. A science plan for carbon cycle research in North American coastal waters. Report of the Coastal CARbon Synthesis (CCARS) community workshop, August 19-21, 2014 DOI: 10.1575/1912/7777

Tian, H., Lu, C., Ciais, P., Michalak, A. M., Canadell, J. G., Saikawa, E., Huntzinger, D. N., Gurney, K. R., Sitch, S., Zhang, B., Yang, J., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, G., Dlugokencky, E., Friedlingstein, P., Melillo, J., Pan, S., Poulter, B., Prinn, R., Saunois, M., Schwalm, C. R., Wofsy, S. C. 2016. The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Nature. 531(7593), 225-228. DOI: 10.1038/nature16946

Chen, G., Tian, H., Zhang, C., Liu, M., Ren, W., Zhu, W., Chappelka, A. H., Prior, S. A., Lockaby, G. B. 2012. Drought in the Southern United States over the 20th century: variability and its impacts on terrestrial ecosystem productivity and carbon storage. Climatic Change. 114(2), 379-397. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-012-0410-z

Tian, H., Lu, C., Chen, G., Tao, B., Pan, S., Grosso, S. J. D., Xu, X., Bruhwiler, L., Wofsy, S. C., Kort, E. A., Prior, S. A. 2012. Contemporary and projected biogenic fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide in North American terrestrial ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 10(10), 528-536. DOI: 10.1890/120057

Tian, H., Chen, G., Zhang, C., Liu, M., Sun, G., Chappelka, A., Ren, W., Xu, X., Lu, C., Pan, S., Chen, H., Hui, D., McNulty, S., Lockaby, G., Vance, E. 2012. Century-Scale Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Flux to Multiple Environmental Changes in the Southern United States. Ecosystems. 15(4), 674-694. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9539-x

Xu, X. F., Tian, H. Q., Chen, G. S., Liu, M. L., Ren, W., Lu, C. Q., Zhang, C. 2012. Multifactor controls on terrestrial N<sub>2</sub>O flux over North America from 1979 through 2010. Biogeosciences. 9(4), 1351-1366. DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-1351-2012

Zhang, C., Tian, H., Chen, G., Chappelka, A., Xu, X., Ren, W., Hui, D., Liu, M., Lu, C., Pan, S., Lockaby, G. 2012. Impacts of urbanization on carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems of the Southern United States. Environmental Pollution. 164, 89-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.020

Hofmann, E. E., Cahill, B., Fennel, K., Friedrichs, M. A., Hyde, K., Lee, C., Mannino, A., Najjar, R. G., O'Reilly, J. E., Wilkin, J., Xue, J. 2011. Modeling the Dynamics of Continental Shelf Carbon. Annual Review of Marine Science. 3(1), 93-122. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142740

Pan, X., Mannino, A., Marshall, H. G., Filippino, K. C., Mulholland, M. R. 2011. Remote sensing of phytoplankton community composition along the northeast coast of the United States. Remote Sensing of Environment. 115(12), 3731-3747. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.011

Saba, V. S., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Antoine, D., Armstrong, R. A., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M. J., Ciotti, A. M., Dowell, M., Hoepffner, N., Hyde, K. J. W., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Marra, J., Melin, F., Morel, A., O'Reilly, J., Scardi, M., Smith, W. O., Smyth, T. J., Tang, S., Uitz, J., Waters, K., Westberry, T. K. 2011. An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe. Biogeosciences. 8(2), 489-503. DOI: 10.5194/bg-8-489-2011

Signorini, S. R., Mannino, A., Najjar, R. G., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Cai, W., Salisbury, J., Wang, Z. A., Thomas, H., Shadwick, E. 2013. Surface ocean p CO2 seasonality and sea-air CO2 flux estimates for the North American east coast. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 118(10), 5439-5460. DOI: 10.1002/jgrc.20369

Archived Data Citations: Yao, Y., and H. Tian. 2021. CMS: Annual Estimates of Global Riverine Nitrous Oxide Emissions, 1900-2016. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. DOI: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1791

2015 NASA Carbon Cycle & Ecosystems Joint Science Workshop Poster(s)
  • Satellite-Derived Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter within Estuarine and Continental Shelf Waters Along the Northeastern U.S. Coast   --   (Antonio Mannino, Michael Novak, Peter Hernes, Kimberly Hyde, Sergio Signorini)   [abstract]
  • Dissolved organic carbon fluxes and stocks in the Mid-Atlantic Bight   --   (Sergio Signorini, Antonio Mannino, John Wilkin, Marjorie Friedrichs, Raymond Najjar)   [abstract]
  • Synergistic impacts of population growth, urbanization, and climate change on watersheds and coastal ecology of the northeastern United States   --   (Raymond Najjar, Marjorie Friedrichs, Eileen Hofmann, Kimberly Hyde, Antonio Mannino, Hanqin Tian, John Wilkin, Sergio Signorini)   [abstract]
  • Contemporary and projected lateral carbon fluxes from North America to Oceans: A process-based modeling study   --   (Hanqin Tian, Qichun Yang, Wei Ren, Chaoqun Lu, Bowen Zhang, Shufen Pan, Bo Tao, Steven Lohrenz, Wei-Jun Cai, Ruoying He, Marjorie Friedrichs, Raymond Najjar)   [abstract]
5th NACP All-Investigators Meeting Posters (2015):
  • Dissolved organic carbon stocks and fluxes in the Mid-Atlantic Bight -- (Sergio Signorini, Antonio Mannino, John Wilkin, Marjorie Friedrichs, Raymond Najjar) [abstract]
  • Satellite-Derived Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter within Estuarine and Continental Shelf Waters Along the Northeastern U.S. Coast -- (Antonio Mannino, Michael Novak, Peter Hernes) [abstract]
  • Impacts of land cover and land use change on the nitrogen dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay for the past 100 years -- (Cathy Feng, Marjorie Friedrichs, Hanqin Tian, Qichun Yang, Raymond Najjar) [abstract]
  • Contemporary and projected lateral carbon fluxes from North America to Oceans: A process-based modeling study -- (Hanqin Tian, Qichun Yang, Bowen Zhang, Jia Yang, Shufen Pan, Wei Ren, Chaoqun Lu, Bo Tao, Steven Lohrenz, Wei-Jun Cai, Ruoying He, Marjorie Friedrichs, Raymond Najjar) [abstract]
4th NACP All-Investigators Meeting Posters (2013):
  • Assessing the performance of a coastal carbon model in the Chesapeake Bay -- (Cathy Feng, Marjorie Friedrichs, John Wilkin) [abstract]   [poster]
  • Surface ocean pCO2 seasonality and air-sea CO2 flux estimates for the US east coast -- (Sergio Signorini, Antonio Mannino, Marjy Friedrichs, Ray Najjar, Jianhong Xue, Wei-jun Cai, Joe Salisbury, Aleck Wang) [abstract]   [poster]
  • Coastal Carbon Fluxes along the U.S. Eastern Continental Shelf Derived from a Coupled Biogeochemical-Circulation Model -- (Marjorie Friedrichs, Cathy Feng, Eileen Hofmann, Kimberly Hyde, Cindy Lee, Antonio Mannino, Diego Narvaez, Raymond Najjar, Sergio Signorini, Tabatabai Aboozar, Hanqin Tian, Tomaso Daniel, John Wilkin, Yongjin Xiao, Jianhong Xue, Yang Qichun) [abstract]   [poster]
  • Impacts of land use and climate changes on carbon and nitrogen exports from land to the US Eastern coast during 1901-2010 -- (Hanqin Tian, Qichun Yang, Bo Tao, Jia Yang, Chaoqun Lu, Wei Ren, Marjorie Friedrichs, Eileen Hofmann, Raymond Najjar) [abstract]
2011 NASA Carbon Cycle & Ecosystems Joint Science Workshop Poster(s)
  • Interannual Variability of Primary Production and Carbon Fluxes on Northeast North American Shelf: Sensitivity to Climate Change?   --   (Bronwyn Cahill, Katja Fennel, John Wilkin)   [abstract]
  • The effect of river freshwater discharge on the carbon cycling of the US Eastern continental shelf: Results from a three-dimensional total dissolved organic matter model study   --   (Jianhong Xue, Marjorie Friedrichs, Antonio Mannino, Bronwyn Cahill, John Wilkin, Cindy Lee, Katja Fennel, Eileen Hofmann, Raymond Najjar, Kimberly Hyde)   [abstract]
  • Exports of Water, Carbon and Nutrients to the U.S. East Coast during 1901-2008 as simulated by DLEM: Results from a NASA IDS Project   --   (Hanqin Tian, Mingliang Liu, Qichun Yang, Marjy Friedrichs, Eileen Hofmann)   [abstract]
  • Model-based Analyses of Nitrogen Cycling on the Middle Atlantic Bight Continental Shelf   --   (Tian Tian, Marjorie Friedrichs, Eileen Hofmann)   [abstract]
  • The U.S. Eastern Continental Shelf Carbon Cycling Project (U.S. ECoS)   --   (Marjorie Friedrichs, Eileen Hofmann, Bronwyn Cahill, Katja Fennel, Kimberly Hyde, Antonio Mannino, Raymond Najjar, Sergio Signorini, Hanqin Tian, John Wilkin, Yongjin Xiao, Jianhong Xue)   [abstract]

 

Gregg (2011) (2011)
Project Title:Ocean CO2 Flux Maps

Project Leader(s):

Watson Gregg, NASA GSFC

Solicitation:NASA: Directed Funding (2011)
Abstract: Initiate development and production of global maps of monthly global air-sea CO2 fluxes. This will involve combining NASA satellite remote sensing observations, in situ ocean carbon dioxide measurements, and complementary data collection efforts of related properties including O2, DIC and biological properties with global ocean biogeochemistry models and data assimilation. Remote sensing data products will include ocean color and sea surface temperature (SST) (for data assimilation), and wind products and, eventually, ocean salinity measurements from Aquarius (for model forcing and carbon data assimilation).
Measurement Approaches:
  • Remote Sensing
  • In Situ Measurements
  • Modeling
 Project Associations:
  • CMS
CMS Science Theme(s):
  • Ocean-Atmosphere Flux

Participants:

Watson Gregg, NASA GSFC

Project URL(s): None provided.
 
Data
Products:
Product Title:  Global maps of monthly global air-sea CO2 fluxes
Time Period:  2003-2012
Description:  Description:
Using the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model model we calculated daily and monthly CO2 flux from the oceans to the atmosphere at a 1 by 1.25 degree resolution.

Model information:
Global ocean carbon dynamics are simulated by the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM).It is a three-dimensional representation of coupled circulation/biogeochemical/ radiative processes in the global oceans (Gregg et al., 2003; Gregg and Casey, 2007). It spans the domain from –84 degrees to 72 degrees latitude in increments of 1.25 degrees longitude by 2/3 degree latitude, including only open ocean areas, where bottom depth is greater than 200m. Surface spectral irradiance is derived from the Ocean-Atmosphere Spectral Irradiance Model (OASIM; Gregg and Casey, 2009). NOBM underwent spin-up for 200 years under climatological forcing. Initial conditions for DIC were derived from the Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP; Key et al., 2004). We averaged DIC over oceanographic basins and depth and used these mean values for initial conditions. DOC initial conditions were set to 0 microM. Other initial conditions are described in Gregg and Casey (2007). For the forcing data sets, monthly climatologies were used in all cases. All except soil dust (iron), ozone, clouds, and atmospheric CO2 were obtained from MERRA products. Ozone was from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, and soil dust deposition was from Ginoux et al. (2001). Cloud data (cover and liquid water path) were obtained from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. Atmospheric CO2 was taken from the NOAA/ESRL data set for the year 2000.
NOBM was forced with time synchronized MERRA data and atmospheric CO2 concentrations appropriate for the period from NOAA/ESRL. MODIS-Aqua chlorophyll data were assimilated with the model using data from the 2010 re-processing.

Data are presented as monthly maps for the period 2003 through 2012.

Contact :
Cecile Rousseaux (Cecile.S.Rousseaux@nasa.gov)
Watson Gregg (Watson.Gregg@nasa.gov)

References:
Ginoux, P., M. Chin, I. Tegen, J.M. Prospero, B. Holben, O. Dubovik, and S.-J. Lin, 2001. Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 20255-20273.
Gregg, W.W., P. Ginoux, P.S. Schopf, and N.W. Casey, 2003. Phytoplankton and Iron: Validation of a global three-dimensional ocean biogeochemical model. Deep-Sea Research II 50: 3143-3169.
Gregg, W.W. and Casey, N.W., 2007. Modeling coccolithophores in the global oceans. Deep-Sea Research II 54: 447-477.
Gregg, W.W. and N.W. Casey, 2009. Skill assessment of a spectral ocean-atmosphere radiative model. Journal of Marine Systems 76: 49-63.
Key, R.M., A. Kozyr, C.L. Sabin, K. Lee, R. Wanninkhof, J.L. Bullister, R.A. Feely, F.J. Millero, C. Mordy, and T.-H. Peng, 2004. A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18: 10.1029/2004GB002247.
Status:  Public
CMS Science Theme(s):  Ocean-Atmosphere Flux
Keywords:  Flux/Movement (; anthropogenic;; oceanic; ; atmospheric)
Spatial Extent:  Global
Spatial Resolution:  1 by 1.25 degree resolution
Temporal Frequency:  Daily, monthly
Input Data Products:  Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM), Ocean-Atmosphere Spectral Irradiance Model (OASIM; Gregg and Casey, 2009), Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP; Key et al., 2004), MERRA, Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, International Satellite Cloud Climatology Projec, NOAA/ESRL, MODIS-Aqua chlorophyll data
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  carbon cycle scientists
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2014-07-01
Metadata URL(s):
Data Server URL(s):

https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/gmaoftp/NOBM/FCO2/
Archived Data Citation:  
Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-124.50000 East Longitude:-115.00000
North Latitude:42.00000 South Latitude:32.50000

 
Publications: Gregg, W. W., Rousseaux, C. S. 2014. Decadal trends in global pelagic ocean chlorophyll: A new assessment integrating multiple satellites, in situ data, and models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 119(9), 5921-5933. DOI: 10.1002/2014JC010158

Gregg, W. W., Casey, N. W., Rousseaux, C. S. 2014. Sensitivity of simulated global ocean carbon flux estimates to forcing by reanalysis products. Ocean Modelling. 80, 24-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.05.002

Rousseaux, C., Gregg, W. 2013. Interannual Variation in Phytoplankton Primary Production at A Global Scale. Remote Sensing. 6(1), 1-19. DOI: 10.3390/rs6010001

2015 NASA Carbon Cycle & Ecosystems Joint Science Workshop Poster(s)
  • Sensitivity of simulated global ocean carbon flux estimates to forcing by reanalysis products   --   (Watson W. Gregg, Cecile S. Rousseaux)   [abstract]

 

Gunson-Pawson-Potter (2009) (2009)
Project Title:NASA CMS Pilot Projects: Surface Carbon Fluxes

Project Leader(s):

Michael (Mike) Gunson, JPL
Kenneth (Ken) Jucks, NASA Headquarters
Steven Pawson, NASA GSFC GMAO
Christopher Potter, NASA ARC

Solicitation:NASA: Directed Funding (2009)
Successor Projects: Bowman (CMS 2011)   Bowman (CMS 2014)   Pawson (CMS 2011)   Ott (CMS 2014)  
Abstract: There are no direct global-scale observations of carbon fluxes between the land and oceans and the over lying atmosphere. Understanding the carbon cycle requires estimates of these fluxes, which can be computed indirectly using models constrained with global space-based observations that provide information about the physical and biological state of the land, atmosphere or ocean. This pilot study will generate CO2 flux maps for one year (July 2009-June 2010) using observational constraints in NASA's state-of-the-art models. Bottom-up surface flux estimates will be computed using data-constrained land (two variants of CASA) and ocean (ECCO2 and NOBM) models; comparison of the different techniques will provide some knowledge of uncertainty in these estimates. Ensembles of atmospheric carbon distributions will be computed using an atmospheric general circulation model (GEOS-5), with perturbations to the surface fluxes and to transport. Top-down flux estimates will be computed from observed atmospheric CO2 distributions (ACOS/GOSAT retrievals) along side the forward-model fields, in conjunction with an inverse approach based on the CO2 adjoint of GEOS-Chem. The forward model ensembles will be used to build understanding of relationships among surface flux perturbations, transport uncertainty and atmospheric carbon concentration. This will help construct uncertainty estimates and information on the true spatial resolution of the top-down flux calculations. The agreement of the top-down and bottom-up flux distributions will be documented.
Project Associations:
  • CMS
 CMS Science Theme(s):
  • Land-Atmosphere Flux
  • Ocean-Atmosphere Flux
  • Global Surface-Atmosphere Flux

Participants:

Kevin Bowman, JPL
Holger Brix, UCLA
George (Jim) Collatz, NASA GSFC - retired
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, MIT
Annmarie Eldering, Jet Propulsion Laboratory / Caltech
Martha Farfan, JPL
Joshua Fisher, Chapman University
Michael (Mick) Follows, MIT
Watson Gregg, NASA GSFC
Michael (Mike) Gunson, JPL
Christopher (Chris) Hill, MIT
Kenneth (Ken) Jucks, NASA Headquarters
Stephan (Randy) Kawa, NASA GSFC
Steven Klooster, NASA Ames Research Center - Cal State Univ Monterey Bay
Meemong Lee, JPL
Junjie Liu, JPL
Erica McGrath-Spangler, NASA GSFC / USRA
Dimitris Menemenlis, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Lesley Ott, NASA GSFC GMAO
Steven Pawson, NASA GSFC GMAO
Christopher Potter, NASA ARC
Cecile Rousseaux, NASA GSFC
John Worden, JPL
Fanwei Zeng, NASA GSFC / SSAI
Zhengxin Zhu, NASA GSFC / SSAI

Project URL(s): None provided.
 
Data
Products:
Product Title:  CMS- Flux Pilot Project FLUXNET Evaluation
Description:  An independent, globally gridded dataset of land surface CO2 fluxes (i.e., net ecosystem exchange, NEE), called MPI-BGC (Jung et al. 2009, 2010, 2011; Beer et al. 2010), is used to evaluate the corresponding CMS land surface CO2 fluxes. MPI-BGC is a statistical/empirical model trained by associating explanatory variables such as meteorology (precipitation, air temperature, humidity), vegetation type, and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) with direct measurements of NEE from the eddy covariance technique using data from 253 FLUXNET sites located globally (Baldocchi et al. 2001; Baldocchi 2008).

New MPI-BGC output was generated for CMS using MERRA meteorology for the GOSAT period; MERIS was used for fAPAR as the model was originally calibrated for MERIS fAPAR. MPI-BGC employs a decision-tree approach, and ultimately generates the mean of an ensemble of varying trees, coined Model Tree Ensemble (MTE).
The FLUXNET sites have a significant bias in global representation:
1. they are mostly located in N. America and Europe (tropics and savannas are underrepresented);
2. the vegetation is typically in an active growing successional stage (i.e., not at equilibrium);
the sites are flat (necessary to satisfy assumptions in the eddy covariance technique); and,
3. disturbance/management history is not well-represented.
For these reasons, the mean annual flux is representative more for these conditions (large carbon sink) and cannot be used for comparison in the CMS activity, and should not be used to evaluate fossil fuel emissions. However, a number of comparative metrics are suitable: a) identification of hotspots; b) seasonal variation; c) spatial distribution; d) interannual variability; e) timing of minimum and maximum NEE; and, f) seasonal amplitude. We follow these guidelines, and provide monthly maps, map differences, scatterplots, and a suite of comparative statistics.

We partition the analysis be sub-global units, including biome type (following the classifications of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme), hemisphere, latitudinal band, TRANSCOM region, and by country (Fisher et al. 2011).
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  Atmospheric Transport; Global Surface-Atmosphere Flux; Land-Atmosphere Flux
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  mostly North America and Europe
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in carbon cycling and efforts to estimate carbon budgets at various temporal and spatial scales
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-03-01
Metadata URL(s):

http://cmsflux.jpl.nasa.gov
Data Server URL(s):

http://cmsflux.jpl.nasa.gov
Archived Data Citation:  

Product Title:  CMS- Flux Pilot Project Land Biosphere Fluxes 2009- 2010 CASA Ames Model
Description:  Using the Ames CASA model we calculated NPP and Rh at a 1.25 by 1 degree resolution. These data were used to calculate NEE at a 3-hourly and at the same spatial resolution. In addition cropland harvest emission data were calculated on an annual timestep and again the same spatial resolution. All data are reported in units of kgC per meter squared per second.


Ames CASA Model documentation for the NASA Carbon Monitoring System Flux Pilot

Ames CASA is a simulation model that depends on satellite observations of vegetation cover from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) as time-series inputs to estimate monthly carbon fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. All current model algorithms, parameter settings, and land cover data sets used in Ames CASA for CMS flux computations have been documented thoroughly in the paper by Potter et al. (2007).

Specifically for the CMS Flux Pilot Project computations of net biosphere fluxes of carbon to the atmosphere, the following additions or modifications to the Ames CASA version documented in Potter et al. (2007) have been made:

-- Global 0.5o (latitude/longitude) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) input data (for the years 2000-2010) were generated by aggregating monthly 0.05o (~6 km) values (MOD13C2 version 005) from the USGS LP DAAC. The EVI layer was selected from each MOD13C2 spatial composite file and surface water values were converted to “NoData”. To aggregate from a 0.05o cell size to 0.5o resolution, the EVI values for each pixel block were averaged. Each monthly layer was then multiplied by 0.0001 to scale the EVI data to the standard CASA-input value range.

-- In cropland areas, 40% of annual NPP carbon is removed each year from the litter decomposition flux pathways and diverted into harvested food products. This is provided as a separate dataset, assumed to be re-emitted as a consistent monthly flux (1/12 of the annual cropland harvest carbon total) with a weighted spatial distribution corresponding to the maps of cropland harvest CO2 emissions developed by Ciais et al. (2007).
References

Potter, C., S. Klooster, A. Huete, and V. Genovese, 2007, Terrestrial carbon sinks for the United States predicted from MODIS satellite data and ecosystem modeling, Earth Interactions, 11: 1-21.

Ciais, P., P. Bousquet, A. Freibauer, and T. Naegler, 2007, Horizontal displacement of carbon associated with agriculture and its impacts on atmospheric CO2, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, doi:10.1029/2006GB002741.
Point of Contract

Christopher Potter, chris.potter@nasa.gov Tel. 650-604-6164
url: http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/casa/


Data product information:

The following data are included:

1. NASA-CASA 3-hourly NEE data AMES.casa.3hr.1x1.25.2009.nc and AMES.casa.3hr.1x1.25.2010.nc.
The resolution is 1.25x1 degrees. Unit is kg C/m^2/s. The data format is netCDF.

2. NASA-CASA cropland harvest emission data casa_dist.1x1.25.2009.nc and casa_dist.1x1.25.2010.nc.
The resolution is 1.25x1 degrees. The data format is netCDF. It does not have seasonal variation.
Unit is kg C/m^2/s.

3. NPP.0.5x0.5.monthly.200901-201012.bin, the NASA-CASA monthly NPP data.
The data format is direct access unformatted binary data. A Fortran program read.NPP.f is provided to read the data. Resolution is 0.5x0.5 degrees.
Unit is kg C/m^2/s.

4. Rh.0.5x0.5.monthly.200901-201012.bin, the NASA-CASA monthly respiration data.
The data format is direct access unformatted binary data. A Fortran program read.Rh.f is provided to read the data. Resolution is 0.5x0.5 degrees.
Unit is kg C/m^2/s.

5. casa_dist.0.5x0.5.2009-2010.bin, the NASA-CASA crop harvest emission data for 2009 and 2010.
The data format is direct access unformatted binary data. A Fortran program read.dist.f is provided to read the data. Resolution is 0.5x0.5 degrees.
Unit is kg C/m^2/s.

The data format is netCDF. It can be read, display or write out with IDL or grads. The grids, unit, and timing of the data can be found by using 'ncdump' command.

The original NPP and Rh of the NASA-CASA are monthly data and in 0.5x0.5 resolution.
The data are interpolated to a 1.25x1 resolution, and the unit is changed from g C/m^2/month to kg C/m^2/s. We produced the 3-hourly NEE data from the monthly NPP and Rh data using the method of Olsen and Randerson (2004, JGR). The 3-hourly surface air temperature (T2m) and short wave radiation reaching the surface of the MERRA analysis data are used for producing the 3-hrly NEE.



Contact Zhengxin.Zhu-1@nasa.gov if you have any questions about how to read the data.
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in carbon cycling and efforts to estimate carbon budgets at various temporal and spatial scales
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-02-01
Metadata URL(s):

ftp://gmaoftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/Zhengzin/NASA-CASA
Data Server URL(s):

ftp://gmaoftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/Zhengzin/NASA-CASA
Archived Data Citation:  

Product Title:  CMS- Flux Pilot Project Land Biosphere Fluxes 2009- 2010 CASA GFED Model
Description:  Using the CASA GFED model we calculated monthly NPP, Rh and fPAR at a 0.5 by 0.5 degree resolution. These data were used to calculate NEE at a 3-hourly timestep and at a 1 by 1.25 degree resolution. In addition biomass burning emission data were calculated on both daily and monthly timesteps. All data are reported in units of kgC per meter squared per second.

The Goddard Space Flight Center CASA-GFED3 Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Model

The Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach – Global Fire Emissions Database version 3 (CASA-GFED3) derives from Potter et al. (1993), diverging in development since Randerson et al, (1996).

CASA is a light use efficiency type model: net primary production (NPP) is expressed as the product of photosynthetically active solar radiation, a light use efficiency parameter, scalars that capture temperature and moisture limitations, and fractional absorption of solar radiation by the vegetation canopy (FPAR). This latter variable is derived from satellite data.

Fire parameterization was incorporated into the model by van der Werf et al. (2004) producing CASA-GFED and the model has undergone revisions (van der Werf et al, 2006, 2010) leading to its most recent version CASA-GFED3. Input data sets include air temperature, precipitation, incident solar radiation, a soil classification map, and a number of satellite derived products (MODIS MOD12Q1 vegetation classification, MODIS MOD44B vegetation continuous fields, MODIS MOD09GA/MYD09GA based burned area, and AVHRR FPAR).

CASA-GFED3 is run at monthly time steps with 0.5 degree spatial resolution. For this project it uses MERRA meteorology and FPAR derived from AVHRR NDVI (Tucker et al., 2005) according to the procedure of Los et al. (2000). The original 8-km, biweekly AVHRR NDVI was aggregated up to the monthly, 0.5 degree×0.5 degree grid by averaging.

The model output includes NPP, heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and fire emissions (from forest, savanna, deforestation, peat, and agriculture). For this project, fire emissions were disaggregated from monthly to quasi-daily using the eight-day MODIS MYD14A2 Active Fire Product.

Updated files covering the period 2003 through 2011 are available through the NACP Kawa-01 project (http://nacp-files.nacarbon.org/nacp-kawa-01/)

Contact
Jim Collatz (George.J.Collatz@nasa.gov)

References

Los SO, Collatz GJ, Sellers PJ, Malmstrom CM, Pllack NH, DeFries RS, Bounoua L, Parris MT, Tucker CJ, Dazlich DA, 2000, A global 9-yr biophysical land surface dataset from NOAA AVHRR data. Journal of Hydrometeorology 1, 183-199.

Potter, C. S., Randerson, J. T., Field, C. B., Matson, P. A., Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., and Klooster, S. A.: Terrestrial ecosystem production – A process model based on global satellite and surface data, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7, 811–841, 1993.


Randerson JT, Thompson MV, Malmstrom CM, 1996,Substrate limitations for heterotrophs: Implications for models that estimate the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10, 585-602.

Tucker CJ, Pinzon JE, Brown ME, Slayback DA, Pak EW, Mahoney R, Vermote EF, El Saleous N, 2005, International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 4485-4498.

van der Werf GR, Randerson JT, Collatz GJ, Giglio L, Kasibhatla PS, Arellano AF, Olsen SC, Kasischke ES, 2004, Continental-scale partitioning of fire emissions during the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina period. Science 303, 73-76.

van der Werf GR, Randerson JT, Giglio L, Collatz GJ, Kasibhatla PS, Arellano Jr AF, 2006, Interannual variability of global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 3423-3441

van der Werf GR, Randerson JT, Giglio L, Collatz GJ, Mu M, Kasibhatla PS, Morton DC, DeFries RS, Jin Y, van Leeuwen TT, 2010, Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, agriculture, and peat fires (1997-2009). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 11707-11735


Information about the data files:

The following data are included:

1. CASA-GFED3.3hrly.NEE.1x1.25.20090701-20100630.nc, the CASA-GFED3 3-hourly NEE data.
The resolution is 1.25x1 degrees. Unit is kg C/m^2/s. The data format is netCDF.

2. BB_em.daily.1x1.25.20090701-20100630.nc, the CASA-GFED3 daily biomass burning
CO2 emission data. Fuel wood burning emission is also included.
The resolution is 1.25x1 degrees. Unit is kg C/m^2/s. The data format is netCDF.

3. NPP.0.5x0.5.monthly.200907-201006.bin, the CASA-GFED3 monthly NPP data.
The data format is direct access unformatted binary data. A Fortran program
read.NPP.f is provided to read the data. Resolution is 0.5x0.5 degrees.
Unit is kg C/m^2/s.

4. Rh.0.5x0.5.monthly.200907-201006.bin, the CASA-GFED3 monthly respiration data.
The data format is direct access unformatted binary data. A Fortran program
read.Rh.f is provided to read the data. Resolution is 0.5x0.5 degrees.
Unit is kg C/m^2/s.

5. FPAR.0.5x0.5.monthly.200907-201006.bin, the CASA-GFED3 monthly FPAR data.
The data format is direct access unformatted binary data. A Fortran program
read.FPAR.f is provided to read the data. Resolution is 0.5x0.5 degrees.
Unit is fraction.

6. BB_em.monthly.0.5x0.5.200901-201012.bin,the monthly biomass burning + fuel wood
emission data. The data format is direct access unformatted binary data.
A Fortran program read.BB_em.f is provided to read the data. Resolution is 0.5x0.5 degrees.
Unit is kg C/m^2/s.
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in carbon cycling and efforts to estimate carbon budgets at various temporal and spatial scales
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-02-01
Metadata URL(s):

ftp://gmaoftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/Zhengzin/CASA-GFED

http://nacp-files.nacarbon.org/nacp-kawa-01/
Data Server URL(s):

ftp://gmaoftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/Zhengzin/CASA-GFED

http://nacp-files.nacarbon.org/nacp-kawa-01/
Archived Data Citation:  

Product Title:  CMS- Flux Pilot Project Ocean-Atmosphere Fluxes 2003- 2012 NOBM Model
Description:  Using the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model model we calculated daily and monthly CO2 flux from the oceans to the atmosphere at a 1 by 1.25 degree resolution. All data are reported in units of kgC per meter squared per second.

Model information:
Global ocean carbon dynamics are simulated by the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM).It is a three-dimensional representation of coupled circulation/biogeochemical/ radiative processes in the global oceans (Gregg et al., 2003; Gregg and Casey, 2007). It spans the domain from –84 degrees to 72 degrees latitude in increments of 1.25 degrees longitude by 2/3 degree latitude, including only open ocean areas, where bottom depth>200m. Surface spectral irradiance is derived from the Ocean-Atmosphere Spectral Irradiance Model (OASIM; Gregg and Casey, 2009). NOBM underwent spin-up for 200 years under climatological forcing. Initial conditions for DIC were derived from the Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP; Key et al., 2004). We averaged DIC over oceanographic basins and depth and used these mean values for initial conditions. DOC initial conditions were set to 0 microM. Other initial conditions are described in Gregg and Casey (2007). For the forcing data sets, monthly climatologies were used in all cases. All except soil dust (iron), ozone, clouds, and atmospheric CO2 were obtained from MERRA products. Ozone was from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, and soil dust deposition was from Ginoux et al. (2001). Cloud data (cover and liquid water path) were obtained from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. Atmospheric CO2 was taken from the NOAA/ESRL data set for the year 2000.
NOBM was forced with time synchronized MERRA data and atmospheric CO2 concentrations appropriate for the period from NOAA/ESRL. MODIS-Aqua chlorophyll data were assimilated with the model using data from the 2010 re-processing.

Contact

Cecile Rousseaux (Cecile.S.Rousseaux@nasa.gov)
Watson Gregg (Watson.Gregg@nasa.gov)

References:
Ginoux, P., M. Chin, I. Tegen, J.M. Prospero, B. Holben, O. Dubovik, and S.-J. Lin, 2001. Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 20255-20273.

Gregg, W.W., P. Ginoux, P.S. Schopf, and N.W. Casey, 2003. Phytoplankton and Iron: Validation of a global three-dimensional ocean biogeochemical model. Deep-Sea Research II 50: 3143-3169.

Gregg, W.W. and Casey, N.W., 2007. Modeling coccolithophores in the global oceans. Deep-Sea Research II 54: 447-477.

Gregg, W.W. and N.W. Casey, 2009. Skill assessment of a spectral ocean-atmosphere radiative model. Journal of Marine Systems 76: 49-63.

Key, R.M., A. Kozyr, C.L. Sabin, K. Lee, R. Wanninkhof, J.L. Bullister, R.A. Feely, F.J. Millero, C. Mordy, and T.-H. Peng, 2004. A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18: 10.1029/2004GB002247.


Data file information:
Daily oceanic CO2 flux data : NOBM.1x1.25.daily.YYYY.nc
The data format is netCDF for the period YYYY=2003 until 2012. It can be read, display or write out with IDL or grads. The grids, unit, and timing of the data can be found by using 'ncdump' command.

Gregg W.W, N.W. Casey and C.S. Rousseaux, 2012. Global Surface Ocean Carbon Estimates in a Model Forced by MERRA. NASA Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, NASA TM-2013-104606, Vol. 31, 39 pp.
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in carbon cycling and efforts to estimate carbon budgets at various temporal and spatial scales
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-02-01
Metadata URL(s):

ftp://gmaoftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/NOBM/FCO2/
Data Server URL(s):

ftp://gmaoftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/NOBM/FCO2/
Archived Data Citation:  

Product Title:  CMS- Flux Pilot Project Ocean-Atmosphere Fluxes 2009- 2010 ECCO2 Model
Description:  Using the ECCO2-Darwin Ocean Carbon Cycle Model we calculated daily and monthly CO2 flux from the oceans to the atmosphere at a 1 by 1.25 degree resolution. All data are reported in units of kgC per meter squared per second.

NOTE A revised version (Vers 2.1) of the ECCO2-Darwin Model outputs has also been made available as a research contribution

ECCO2-Darwin Ocean Carbon Cycle Model

The ECCO2-Darwin Ocean Carbon Cycle Model is based on a global, eddying, ocean and sea ice configuration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm; Marshall et al., 1997a, 1997b) and on results from two separately funded projects: the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2) Project, which provides a data-constrained estimate of the time-evolving physical ocean state, and the Darwin Project, which provides time-evolving ocean ecosystem variables. Together, ECCO2 and Darwin provide a time-evolving physical and biological environment for carbon biogeochemistry, which is used to compute surface fluxes of carbon at high spatial and temporal resolution.

The ECCO2 model configuration is a cube-sphere grid (Adcroft et al. 2004) with 18-km horizontal grid spacing and 50 vertical levels (Menemenlis et al., 2005a, 2008). The ECCO2 model configuration includes a dynamic/thermodynamic sea ice model (Losch et al., 2010; Heimbach et al., 2010). In a first step, the ECCO2 model configuration was adjusted using a low-dimensional (Green’s functions) estimation approach (Menemenlis et al., 2005b). In a second step, the method of Lagrange multipliers (adjoint method) was used to adjust initial and time-evolving surface boundary conditions (Wunsch and Heimbach, 2007). Data constrains include sea level anomaly from Jason-1 and OSTM, sea surface temperature from AMSR-E, and temperature and salinity profiles from Argo. This adjoint-based ECCO2 solution is used to drive the Darwin ecosystem model, described next.

The Darwin Project is an initiative to advance the development and application of novel models of marine microbial communities, identifying the relationships of individuals and communities to their environment, connecting cellular-scale processes to global microbial community structure (Follows et al., 2007, 2011; Dutkiewicz et al., 2009). The particular configuration used for the CMS Flux Pilot Project includes five phytoplankton functional types (choices based on results from previous versions of the model) and two zooplankton types. The carbon cycle is explicitly included in this configuration, along with those of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, silica, oxygen, and alkalinity. The carbonate chemistry follows the simplified model proposed by Follows et al. (2006) and air-sea CO2 exchange is parameterized according to Wanninkhof (1992).

Contacts:
Dimitris Menemenlis, JPL (menemenlis@jpl.nasa.gov)
Holger Brix, UCLA (hbrix@ucla.edu)

References

Adcroft, A., J. Campin, C. Hill, and J. Marshall, 2004: Implementation of an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model on the expanded spherical cube. Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 2845–2863.

Dutkiewicz, S., M. Follows, and J. Bragg, 2009: Modeling the coupling of ocean ecology and biogeochemistry. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB4017.

Follows, M., T. Ito, and S. Dutkiewicz, 2006: On the solution of the carbonate chemistry system in ocean biogeochemistry models. Ocean Modelling, 12, 290–301.

Follows, M., S. Dutkiewicz, S. Grant, and S. Chisholm, 2007: Emergent biogeography of microbial communities in a model ocean. Science, 315, 1843–1846.

Follows, M. and S. Dutkiewicz, 2011:
Modeling diverse communities of marine microbes.
Annu. Rev. Marine Science, 3, 427–451.

Heimbach, P., D. Menemenlis, M. Losch, J. Campin, and C. Hill, 2010: On the formulation of sea-ice models. Part 2: Lessons from multi-year adjoint sea ice export sensitivities through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ocean Modelling, 33, 145–158.

Losch, M., D. Menemenlis, P. Heimbach, J. Campin, and C. Hill, 2010: On the formulation of sea-ice models. Part 1: Effects of different solver implementations and parameterizations. Ocean Modelling, 33, 129–144.

Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey, 1997a: A finite-volume, incompressible Navier-Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5753–5766.

Marshall, J., C. Hill, L. Perelman, and A. Adcroft, 1997b: Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic ocean modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5733–5752.

Menemenlis, D., C. Hill, A. Adcroft, J. Campin, B. Cheng, B. Ciotti, I. Fukumori, P. Heimbach, C. Henze, A. Koehl, T. Lee, D. Stammer, J. Taft, and J. Zhang, 2005a: NASA supercomputer improves prospects for ocean climate research. Eos Trans. AGU, 86, 89, 95–96.

Menemenlis, D., I. Fukumori, and T. Lee, 2005: Using Green's functions to calibrate an ocean general circulation model. Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 1224–1240.

Menemenlis, D., J. Campin, P. Heimbach, C. Hill, T. Lee, A. Nguyen, M. Schodlock, and H. Zhang, 2008: ECCO2: High resolution global ocean and sea ice data synthesis. Mercator Ocean Quarterly Newsletter, 31, 13–21.

Wanninkhof, R. (1992), Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange
over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97(C5), 7373–7382.

Wunsch, C. and P. Heimbach, 2007: Practical global ocean state estimation. Physica D, 230, 197–208.


The following data are included:

1. ECCO2.1x1.25.3hrly.2009.nc and ECCO2.1x1.25.3hrly.2010.nc, the 3-hourly ECCO2 ocean CO2 flux data.
The resolution is 1 x 1.25 degrees. The unit is Kg C/m^2/s.
The data format is netCDF. It can be read, display or write out with IDL or grads. The grids,
unit, and timing of the data can be found by using 'ncdump' command.

2. ECCO2.1x1.25.monthly.200901-201012.bin, the monthly mean data from Jan 2009 to Dec 2010.
The data formate is direct access unformatted binary data. A Fortran program read.ECCO2.monthly.f is provided to read it.

Contact Zhengxin.Zhu-1@nasa.gov if you have any questions about how to read the data.
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in carbon cycling and efforts to estimate carbon budgets at various temporal and spatial scales
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-02-01
Metadata URL(s):

ftp://gmaoftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/Zhengzin/ECCO2/

http://cmsflux.jpl.nasa.gov
Data Server URL(s):

ftp://gmaoftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/Zhengzin/ECCO2/

http://cmsflux.jpl.nasa.gov
Archived Data Citation:  

Product Title:  CMS- Flux Pilot Project Ocean-Atmosphere Fluxes 2009- 2010 ECCO2 Model Vers 2.1
Description:  This solution has been updated from version 2 ( see the description for research contribution #4 above) and is based on the same model run and results as version 2. The interpolation from the native cube sphere to the rectangular (1.25x1 degree) grid had caused differences in the globally integrated flux values from up to 0.2 PgC/yr between the native and the lat-lon grid for both versions 1 and 2. This has been corrected by using a different interpolation method for the data published as version 2.1.

To facilitate usage of the data they are now available in a single NetCDF file per month and temporal resolution, i.e., for each month there are three NetCDF files containing 3-hourly, daily, and monthly means.

Contact person: Dr Holger Brix
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  Ocean-Atmosphere Flux
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in carbon cycling and efforts to estimate carbon budgets at various temporal and spatial scales
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-03-01
Metadata URL(s):

http://ecco2.jpl.nasa.gov/data1/cube/darwin/ECCO2-Darwin/CarbFlux_v2.1/
Data Server URL(s):

http://ecco2.jpl.nasa.gov/data1/cube/darwin/ECCO2-Darwin/CarbFlux_v2.1/
Archived Data Citation:  

Product Title:  CMS- Flux Pilot Project Surface and Column-averaged CO2 mixing ratios 2009- 2010 GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Description:  Using the GEOS-5 model we calculated three-hour average surface and column-averaged CO2 mixing ratios for four different combinations of land-surface and ocean-surface fluxes

The GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model

The GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) has been developed as a flexible tool to represent the atmosphere on a variety of temporal and spatial scales. It is a central component of the GEOS-5 atmospheric data assimilation system (Rienecker et al., 2008), where it is used with half-degree spatial resolution for meteorological analysis and forecasting (Zhu and Gelaro, 2008) including the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) which covers the period from 1979 to present (Rienecker et al., 2011). It has also been developed as a tool for studying atmospheric composition and climate (e.g., Ott et al., 2011). The AGCM combines the finite volume dynamical core described in Lin (2004) with the GEOS-5 column physics package, summarized in Rienecker et al. (2008). The model domain extends from the surface to 0.01hPa and uses 72 hybrid layers that transition from terrain-following near the surface to pure pressure levels above 180 hPa. In this study, the horizontal resolution is 1 degree×1.25degree (latitude by longitude) and the time step is 30 minutes for physical computations, with more frequent computations of resolved-scale transport in the dynamical core. Trace gases are transported on-line in GEOS-5 using the Lin (2004) dynamical core for resolved scales; turbulent mixing of CO is performed in the same way as for moisture (using the Lock et al. (2000) boundary-layer turbulence module); and using the Relaxed-Arakawa Schubert convective scheme (Moorthi and Suarez, 1992) to represent convective transport. In the present simulations, transport is constrained with MERRA reanalysis fields to ensure consistency with observed meteorological features.

Land biosphere, biomass burning, fossil fuel, and ocean CO2 fluxes are prescribed in GEOS-5. For the CMS project, GEOS-5 has been configured to simulate the emission, uptake and transport of several different CO2 tracers representing differing combinations of land and ocean fluxes described in Table 1. All fluxes were disaggregated from their native grids to the 1degree × 1.25degree GEOS-5 grid for these computations. Following Olsen and Randerson (2004), the net primary productivity (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) fields from both versions of CASA were converted to Gross Primary Production and Ecosystem Respiration, then disaggregated temporally to three-hour time steps.

In addition to the land biosphere and ocean CO2 fluxes computed in the CMS flux pilot project, 2008 CO2 emissions from fossil fuels are taken from the DOE’s Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (Boden et al., 2011). Prior to the target 2009-2010 CMS period, CO2 tracers were spun up from 2000-2008 using a uniform initial condition of 350 ppmv to ensure realistic atmospheric distributions. During this period, land biosphere and biomass burning fluxes from an earlier version of the CASA/GFED model were used in combination with ocean and fossil fuel fluxes from the TransCom Continuous Experiment (Law et al., 2008). Simulated CO2 mixing ratios for December 2008 were calculated at the locations of NOAA Earth Science Research Laboratory (ESRL) remote surface stations (Novelli et al., 1992) and compared with observations; on the basis of this comparison a uniform global offset was added to the simulated CO2 fields to ensure that global surface CO2 concentrations were representative of atmospheric conditions at the beginning of the CMS period.

GEOS-5 model output is comprised of three-hour average surface and column-averaged CO2 mixing ratios for each of the following flux combinations: CASA/GFED-3 (land) with NOBM (ocean), NASA-CASA (land) with NOBM (ocean), CASA/GFED-3 (land) with ECCO-2-Darwin (ocean) and NASA-CASA (land) with ECCO-2-Darwin (ocean). Filenames denote the midpoint of the three-hour averaging period. Note that because GEOS-5 model calculations begin at 3Z, no file is available for July 1, 2009 at 0130Z.

Contact

Lesley Ott (Lesley.E.Ott@nasa.gov)
References

Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres. 2011. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2011.

Law, R. M., et al. (2008), TransCom model simulations of hourly atmospheric CO2: Experimental overview and diurnal cycle results for 2002, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB3009, doi:10.1029/2007GB003050.

Lin, S.-J. (2004), A “vertically Lagrangian” finite-volume dynamical core for global models, Mon. Wea. Rev., 132(10):2293-2307.

Lock, A. P., A. R. Brown, M. R. Bush, G. M. Martin, and R. N. B. Smith (2000), A New Boundary Layer Mixing Scheme. Part I: Scheme Description and Single-Column Model Tests, Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3187–3199.

Moorthi S., and M. J. Suarez (1992), Relaxed Arakawa–Schubert: A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models, Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978–1002.

Novelli, P.C., L.P. Steele, and P.P. Tans (1992), Mixing ratios of carbon monoxide in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20,731-20,750.

Olsen, S.C., and J.T. Randerson(2004), Differences between surface and column atmospheric CO2 and implications for carbon cycle research. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, doi:10.1029/2003JD003968.

Ott, L.E., S. Pawson, J.T. Bacmeister, (2011), An Analysis of the Impact of Convective Parameter Uncertainty on Simulated Global Atmospheric CO Distributions. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D21310, doi:10.1029/2011JD016077.

Reinecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Todling, R., et al. (2008), The GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System-Documentation of Versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0, Tech. Rep. 104606 V27, NASA.

Rienecker, M.M., et al. (2011), MERRA - NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1.

Zhu, Y. and R. Gelaro (2008), Observation Sensitivity Calculations Using the Adjoint of the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) Analysis System, Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 335-351.
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in carbon cycling and efforts to estimate carbon budgets at various temporal and spatial scales
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-03-01
Metadata URL(s):

http://cmsflux.jpl.nasa.gov
Data Server URL(s):

ftp://gmaoftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/lott/CMS_monthly_average/

http://cmsflux.jpl.nasa.gov
Archived Data Citation:  

Product Title:  CMS- Flux Pilot Project Top-down surface flux estimation 2009- 2010
Description:  The Four-Dimensional Variational Inversion Method

A four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) or adjoint approach, based on the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model, is used for the top-down surface flux estimation. The adjoint relates, in a computationally efficient manner, the sensitivity of an atmospheric CO2 concentration at any time back to a surface flux at any location at an earlier time (see Giering and Kaminski, 1998) via the linearization of the transport model operator. GEOS-Chem uses analyzed meteorological fields from GEOS-5 analyses, mapped from the original resolution of 0.5degrees×0.67degrees to a coarser grid of 2degrees×2.5degrees. Transport in GEOS-Chem and in GEOS-5 is based on the flux-form semi-Lagrangian technique of Lin and Rood (1996), so that inverse computations made with GEOS-Chem will be consistent with the forward model computations using GEOS-5. Suntharalingam et al. (2003, 2004) described and analyzed the first forward CO2 simulations with GEOS-Chem. These were subsequently updated in Nassar et al . (2010), to incorporate additional processes such as direct CO2 chemical production. This version was incorporated in a time-invariant inversion scheme constrained by TES observations to estimate regionally resolved CO2 fluxes [Nassar et al, 2011]. The adjoint of GEOS-Chem was originally developed by Henze et al. (2007) and has been applied to optimize Asian CO sources using MOPITT data (Kopacz et al., 2009) and global CO sources using multi-sensor satellite (AIRS, MOPITT, TES and SCIAMACHY) data (Kopacz et al., 2010). This approach has also been applied to ozone data assimilation [Singh et al, 2011a] and incorporates off-diagonal a-priori background terms from those studies [Singh et al, 2011b]. GOSAT observations processed through the NASA ACOS algorithm v2.9 have been incorporated into the GEOS-Chem carbon flux system. Observation operators for both column and profile CO2 retrievals have been developed and integrated for both nadir and glint modes. Bias corrections to nadir observations have been applied following Wunsch et al. (2011).

Contact

Kevin Bowman (Kevin.P.Bowman@jpl.nasa.gov)
References
Giering, R., and T. Kaminski (1998), Recipes for Adjoint Code Constructions. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 24, 437-474.

Henze, D. K., A. Hakami and J. H. Seinfeld (2007), Development of the adjoint of GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2413-2433.

Kopacz, M., D. J. Jacob, D.K. Henze, C.L. Heald, D.G. Streets, Q. Zhang (2009), Comparison of adjoint and analytical Bayesian inversion methods for constraining Asian sources of carbon monoxide using satellite (MOPITT) measurements of CO columns, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04305, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009264.
Kopacz, M, D. J. Jacob, J. A. Fisher, J. A. Logan, L. Zhang, I. A. Megretskaia, R. M. Yantosca, K. Singh, D. K. Henze, J. P. Burrows, M. Buchwitz, I. Khlystov, W. W. McMillan, J. C. Gille, D. P. Edwards, A. Eldering, V. Thouret, and P. Nedelec (2010), Global estimates of CO sources with high resolution by adjoint inversion of multiple satellite datasets (MOPITT, AIRS, SCIAMACHY, TES), Atm. Chem. Phys., 10, 855-876.

Nassar, R., D. B. A. Jones, P. Suntharalingam, J. M. Chen, R. J. Andres, K. J. Wecht, R. M. Yantosca, S. S. Kulawik, K. W. Bowman, J. R. Worden, T. Machida, and H. Matsueda (2010), Modeling global atmospheric CO2 with improved emission inventories and CO2 production from the oxidation of other carbon species. Geosci. Model Dev., 3(2):689–716..

Nassar, R., D. B. A. Jones, S. S. Kulawik, J. R. Worden, K. W. Bowman, R. J. Andres, P. Suntharalingam, J. M. Chen, C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, T. J. Schuck, T. J. Conway, and D. E. Worthy (2011), Inverse modeling of CO2 sources and sinks using satellite observations of CO2 from TES and surface flask measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(12):6029–6047.

K. Singh, A. Sandu, K. W. Bowman, M. Parrington, D. B. A. Jones, and M. Lee (2011a), Ozone data assimilation with GEOS-Chem: a comparison between 3-D-Var, 4-D-Var, and suboptimal Kalman filter approaches. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11(8):22247–22300.

K. Singh, M. Jardak, A. Sandu, K. Bowman, M. Lee, and D.B.A. Jones. (2011b), Construction of non-diagonal background error covariance matrices for global chemical data assimilation. Geosci. Model Dev., 4(2):299– 316.

Suntharalingam, P., C. M. Spivakovsky, J. A. Logan, and M. B. McElroy (2003), Estimating the distribution of terrestrial CO2 sources and sinks from atmospheric measurements: Sensitivity to configuration of the observation network. J. Geophys. Res., 108, D15, doi:10.1029/2002JD002207.

Suntharalingam, P., D. J. Jacob, P. I. Palmer, J. A. Logan, R. M. Yantosca, Y. Xiao, M. J. Evans, D. Streets, S. A. Vay and G. Sachse, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18S18, 2004.

Wunch, D., Wennberg, P. O., Toon, G. C., Connor, B. J., Fisher, B., Osterman, G. B., Frankenberg, C., Mandrake, L., O'Dell, C., Ahonen, P., Biraud, S. C., Castano, R., Cressie, N., Crisp, D., Deutscher, N. M., Eldering, A., Fisher, M. L., Griffith, D. W. T., Gunson, M., Heikkinen, P., Keppel-Aleks, G., Kyrö, E., Lindenmaier, R., Macatangay, R., Mendonca, J., Messerschmidt, J., Miller, C. E., Morino, I., Notholt, J., Oyafuso, F. A., Rettinger, M., Robinson, J., Roehl, C. M., Salawitch, R. J., Sherlock, V., Strong, K., Sussmann, R., Tanaka, T., Thompson, D. R., Uchino, O., Warneke, T., and Wofsy, S. C.: A method for evaluating bias in global measurements of CO2 total columns from space, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12317-12337, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12317-2011, 2011.
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
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Potential Users:  Scientists interested in carbon cycling and efforts to estimate carbon budgets at various temporal and spatial scales
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
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Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-03-01
Metadata URL(s):

http://cmsflux.jpl.nasa.gov
Data Server URL(s):

http://cmsflux.jpl.nasa.gov
Archived Data Citation:  

 
Publications: Potter, C., Klooster, S., Genovese, V., Hiatt, C., Boriah, S., Kumar, V., Mithal, V., Garg, A. 2012. Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes Predicted from MODIS Satellite Data and Large-Scale Disturbance Modeling. International Journal of Geosciences. 03(03), 469-479. DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2012.33050

4th NACP All-Investigators Meeting Posters (2013):
  • Evaluating the interannual variability in North American carbon fluxes: the impacts of uncertainties in model parameters and driver data -- (Fanwei Zeng, George James Collatz, Jorge Pinzon, Alvaro Ivanoff) [abstract]   [poster]
Additional
Comments:		AGU Fall Meeting 2012 oral presentations:
  • Fire induced carbon emissions and regrowth uptake in western United States forests: Documenting variation across forest types, fire severity, and climate regions (Invited) Christopher A. Williams; Bardan Ghimire; G. J. Collatz; Jeffery G. Masek
  • Carbon consequences of droughts, fires, bark beetles, and harvests affecting forests of the United States: comparative analysis and synthesis (Invited) Christopher A. Williams; Bardan Ghimire; Christopher Schwalm; G. J. Collatz; Jeffery G. Masek
  • What observations of atmospheric CO2 are needed to constrain processes represented in terrestrial carbon cycle models? George (Jim) J. Collatz; Stephan R. Kawa; Yuping Liu; Alvaro Ivanoff
  • Spatial variability in column CO2 inferred from high resolution GEOS-5 global model simulations: Implications for remote sensing and inversions Lesley Ott; William M. Putman; Steven Pawson; G. J. Collatz; Watson W. Gregg
  • Preliminary estimates of carbon emissions constrained by GOSAT from the NASA Carbon Monitoring System Flux Pilot Project. (Invited) Kevin W. Bowman; Junjie Liu; Meemong Lee; Steven Pawson; Dimitris Menemenlis; Joshua B. Fisher; George J. Collatz; Christopher S. Potter; Watson W. Gregg; Holger Brix; Lesley E. Ott; Zhengxin Zhu; Christopher N. Hill; Stephanie Dutkiewicz; Michael J. Follows; Daven K. Henze; Ray Nassar; Dylan B. Jones; Susan S. Kulawik; Richard J. Weidner; Michael R. Gunson

 

Lohrenz (IDS 2009) (2010)
Project Title:Assessing Impacts of Climate and Land Use Change on Terrestrial-Ocean Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients and Their Cycling in Coastal Ecosystems

Project Leader(s):

Steven (Steve) Lohrenz, University of Massachusetts

Solicitation:NASA: Interdisciplinary Research in Earth Science (2009)
Abstract: Changing climate and land use practices have the potential to dramatically alter coupled hydrologic-biogeochemical processes and associated movement of water, carbon and nutrients through various terrestrial reservoirs. Such changes will ultimately influence the delivery of dissolved and particulate materials from terrestrial systems into rivers, estuaries, and coastal ocean waters. Consequences of climate– and land use–related changes will be particularly evident in large river basins and their associated coastal outflow regions. An integrated suite of models will be used in conjunction with remotely sensed as well as targeted in situ observations with the objectives of describing processes controlling fluxes on land, their coupling to riverine systems, and the delivery of materials to estuaries and the coastal ocean. Terrestrial hydrological-ecosystem models coupled with hydrological-biogeochemical models of coastal and estuarine systems will be used in conjunction with satellite and in situ observations to examine water quality, transport, and ecosystem function resulting from climate and land use change. Our objectives include the following: 1) Assemble and evaluate long term datasets for the assessment of impacts of climate variability, extreme weather events, and land use practices on transport of water, carbon and nitrogen within terrestrial systems and the delivery of materials to waterways and rivers 2) Using the Mississippi River as a testbed, develop and evaluate an integrated suite of models to describe linkages between terrestrial and riverine systems, transport of carbon and nutrients in the Mississippi river and its tributaries, and associated cycling of carbon and nutrients in coastal ocean waters 3) Evaluate uncertainty in model products and parameters and identify areas where improved model performance is needed through model refinement and data assimilation. In 2011, the scope of this work was expanded to include specific objectives and products for the NASA Carbon Monitoring System effort. The uncertainties in coastal carbon fluxes are such that the net uptake of carbon in the coastal margins remains a poorly constrained term in the global carbon budget. The proposed research will employ a combination of models and remotely-sensed and in situ observations to develop estimates of land-ocean exchange of carbon, air-sea exchanges of carbon dioxide, and coastal to open ocean exchanges of carbon. Such information is critically needed to better constrain the contribution of coastal margins to carbon sources and sinks and improve capabilities to attribute sources and sinks to different regions as well as reducing uncertainties in estimates. The chosen region of study, the northern Gulf of Mexico, provides an excellent setting to carry out this work as there are a large number of supporting datasets and on-going programs that will complement this work. The proposed work is also closely aligned with objectives of the North American Carbon Program and the NASA Carbon Monitoring System scoping effort. Results would also benefit efforts to describe and predict how land use and land cover changes impact coastal water quality including possible effects of coastal eutrophication and hypoxia.
Measurement Approaches:
  • Remote Sensing
  • In Situ Measurements
  • Modeling
  • Synthesis
 Project Associations:
  • CMS
  • OCB
CMS Science Theme(s):
  • Land-Ocean Flux

Participants:

Wei-Jun Cai, University of Delaware
Katja Fennel, Dalhousie University
Ruoying He, North Carolina State University & Fathom Science
Stephan Howden, University of Southern Mississippi
Mingliang Liu, Washington State University
Steven (Steve) Lohrenz, University of Massachusetts
Wei Ren, University of Kentucky
Hanqin Tian, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College

Project URL(s): None provided.
 
Data
Products:
Product Title:  Coastal to open ocean C exchange
Description:  Derivation of C exchange from the coastal to open ocean based on a mass balance approach using river input, air-sea CO2 flux, and primary production and respiration rates measured in two field programs (10 cruises) since 2006. This effort should provide an estimate carbon export flux and will also point out directions of future work.

Product development continued in Lohrenz-04 and Lohrenz-05 CMS Projects.
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  Land-Ocean Flux; Ocean-Atmosphere Flux
Keywords:  Flux/Movement (; anthropogenic;; terrestrial; ; oceanic)
Spatial Extent:  Northern Gulf of Mexico
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  Land management; Global carbon budget calculations; Watershed protection plans; Ocean acidification mitigation
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Environmental managers, researchers, federal agencies including USGS, EPA, and NOAA
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2013-01-01
Metadata URL(s):
Data Server URL(s):
Archived Data Citation:  Lohrenz, S. E., W.-J. Cai, S. Chakraborty, K. Gundersen, and M. C. Murrell (2013), Nutrient and carbon dynamics in a large river-dominated coastal ecosystem: the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River system, in Biogeochemical Dynamics at Major River-Coastal Interfaces: Linkages with Global Change, edited by T. S. Bianchi, M. A. Allison and W.-J. Cai, pp. 448-472, Cambridge University Press.

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-92.93000 East Longitude:-85.10000
North Latitude:29.50000 South Latitude:26.93000

Product Title:  Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide, salinity and other variables collected from Surface underway observations using Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Shower head chamber equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement and other instruments from the USS BOLD in the Gulf of Mexico from 2006-06-06 to 2006-09-11 (NCEI Accession 0117493)
Start Date:  06/2006      End Date:  09/2006
Description:  NODC Accession 0117493 includes Surface underway, chemical, meteorological and physical data collected from USS BOLD in the Gulf of Mexico from 2006-06-06 to 2006-09-11. These data include BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - water, SALINITY and SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE. The instruments used to collect these data include Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer and Shower head chamber equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement.

These data were collected by Wei-Jun Cai, Wei-Jen Huang and Yongchen Wang of University of Georgia; School of Marine Programs as part of the Coastal_UG_Gulf_of_Mexico_2006 data set. CDIAC assigned the following cruise ID(s) to this data set: 31B520060606 (GM0606) and 31B520060906 (GM0609).

The Global Coastal Carbon Data Project data includes the bottle (discrete) and surface (underway) carbon-related measurements from coastal research cruises, the data from time series cruises and coastal moorings. The coastal regions data are very important for the understanding of carbon cycle on the continental margins.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  Land-Ocean Flux
Keywords:  Flux/Movement (; anthropogenic;; terrestrial; ; oceanic)
Spatial Extent:  Northern Gulf of Mexico
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  Land management; Global carbon budget calculations; Watershed protection plans; Ocean acidification mitigation
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Environmental managers, researchers, federal agencies including USGS, EPA, and NOAA
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2013-01-01
Assigned Data Center:  CDIAC
Metadata URL(s):

http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/oceans/UG_GoM_UW_Data/2006.data/GM0606_Meta.html
Data Server URL(s):

http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/oceans/UG_GoM_UW_Data/2006.data/

https://www.cct.lsu.edu/~zxue/BG-2014-391/
Archived Data Citation:  Cai, W.-J., Y. Wang, and W.-J. Huang. 2012. Sea Surface pCO2 measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during the Ocean Survey Vessel Bold cruises in 2006. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/oceans/UG_GoM_UW_Data/2006.data. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.UG_GOM_UW_2006.

Xue, Z., R. He, K. Fennel, W. J. Cai, S. Lohrenz, W. J. Huang, H. Tian, W. Ren, and Z. Zang (2016), Modeling pCO2 variability in the Gulf of Mexico, Biogeosciences, 13(15), 4359-4377, DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-4359-2016

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-93.43010 East Longitude:-87.33980
North Latitude:30.23490 South Latitude:28.17990

Product Title:  Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide, salinity and other variables collected from underway - surface observations using Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Shower head chamber equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement and other instruments from the CAPE HATTERAS in the Gulf of Mexico from 2009-01-09 to 2010-03-21 (NCEI Accession 0115765)
Start Date:  01/2009      End Date:  03/2010
Description:  NODC Accession 0115765 includes chemical, meteorological, physical and underway - surface data collected from CAPE HATTERAS in the Gulf of Mexico from 2009-01-09 to 2010-03-21. These data include BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, CARBON DIOXIDE - AIR, Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide, SALINITY and SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE. The instruments used to collect these data include Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer and Shower head chamber equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement.

These data were collected by Wei-Jun Cai of University of Delaware; College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment; School of Marine Science and Policy as part of the Coastal_Cape Hatteras_GM_0901, Coastal_Cape_Hatteras_GM_0904, Coastal_Cape_Hatteras_GM_0907 and Coastal_Cape_Hatteras_GM_1003 data set. CDIAC assigned the following cruise ID(s) to this data set: 32KZ20090109, 32KZ20090420, 32KZ20090719 and 32KZ20100311.

The Global Coastal Carbon Data Project data includes the bottle (discrete) and surface (underway) carbon-related measurements from coastal research cruises, the data from time series cruises and coastal moorings. The coastal regions data are very important for the understanding of carbon cycle on the continental margins.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Environmental managers, researchers, federal agencies including USGS, EPA, and NOAA
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  6
Start Application Readiness Level:  4
Target Application Readiness Level:  7
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  December 2013
Metadata URL(s):

https://mercury.ornl.gov/ocean/send/xsltText2?fileURL=/data/Mercury_instances/ocean/oceanuw/harvested/mercury-ops2.ornl.gov_OceanOME_admin_OceanMetadata_underway_Coastal_Cape_Hatteras_GM_0901.xml&full_datasource=OCEAN%20Underway&full_queryString=%20text%20:%20Cai%20AND%20(%20datasource%20:(%20oceanbt%20oceanuw%20%20)%20)%20&ds_id=
Data Server URL(s):

http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/oceans/Cape_Hatteras_GM/
Archived Data Citation:  Cai, W.-J., Y. Wang and W.-J. Huang. 2014. Sea surface pCO2 survey in the Gulf of Mexico during the R/V Cape Hatteras cruises in 2009 and 2010. http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/oceans/Cape_Hatteras_GM/. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.Cape_Hatteras_GM

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-93.81698 East Longitude:-87.98232
North Latitude:30.35972 South Latitude:27.53240

Product Title:  Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide, salinity and SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE collected from Surface underway observations using Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Shower head chamber equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement and other instruments from the USS BOLD in the Gulf of Mexico from 2007-05-02 to 2007-08-24 (NCEI Accession 0117500)
Start Date:  05/2007      End Date:  08/2007
Description:  NODC Accession 0117500 includes Surface underway, chemical and physical data collected from USS BOLD in the Gulf of Mexico from 2007-05-02 to 2007-08-24. These data include Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - water, SALINITY and SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE. The instruments used to collect these data include Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer and Shower head chamber equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement.

These data were collected by Wei-Jun Cai, Wei-Jen Huang and Yongchen Wang of University of Georgia; School of Marine Programs as part of the Coastal_UG_Gulf_of_Mexico_2007 data set. CDIAC assigned the following cruise ID(s) to this data set: 31B520070502 (GM0705) and 31B520070818 (GM0708).

The Global Coastal Carbon Data Project data includes the bottle (discrete) and surface (underway) carbon-related measurements from coastal research cruises, the data from time series cruises and coastal moorings. The coastal regions data are very important for the understanding of carbon cycle on the continental margins.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Environmental managers, researchers, federal agencies including USGS, EPA, and NOAA
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  June 2012
Assigned Data Center:  CDIAC
Metadata URL(s):

http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/oceans/UG_GoM_UW_Data/2007.data/GM0705_Meta.html

http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/oceans/UG_GoM_UW_Data/2007.data/GM0708_Meta.html
Data Server URL(s):

http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/oceans/UG_GoM_UW_Data/2007.data/
Archived Data Citation:  Cai, W.-J., Y. Wang, and W.-J. Huang. 2012. Sea Surface pCO2 measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during the Ocean Survey Vessel Bold cruises in 2007.

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/oceans/UG_GoM_UW_Data/2007.data.

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.UG_GOM_UW_2007

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-93.42999 East Longitude:-87.29086
North Latitude:30.27041 South Latitude:28.17926

Product Title:  Export and Leaching of Carbon and Nitrogen from Mississippi River Basin, 1901-2099
Start Date:  01/1901      End Date:  12/2099     (1901-2099)
Description:  This dataset provides estimates for export and leaching of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), and total organic nitrogen (TON) from the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) to the Gulf of Mexico. The estimates are provided for a historical period of 1901-2014, and a future period of 2010-2099 (carbon estimates only) under two scenarios of high and low levels of population growth, economy, and energy consumption, respectively. The estimates are from the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model 2.0 (DLEM 2.0). These data are applicable to studying how changes in multiple environmental factors (e.g., fertilizer application, land-use changes, climate variability, atmospheric CO2, and N deposition) affect the dynamics of leaching and export to the Gulf of Mexico.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  Land-Ocean Flux
Keywords:  carbon; nitrogen
Spatial Extent:  Mississippi River Basin
Spatial Resolution:  Carbon data are 5 arc minute; nitrogen data are 7.5 arc minute
Temporal Frequency:  annual
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Environmental managers, researchers, federal agencies including USGS, EPA, and NOAA
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  
Assigned Data Center:  ORNL DAAC
Metadata URL(s):

https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1699
Data Server URL(s):

https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1699
Archived Data Citation:  Tian, H., S.E. Lohrenz, S. Pan, W.J. Cai, and R. He. 2019. Export and Leaching of Carbon and Nitrogen from Mississippi River Basin, 1901-2099. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. DOI: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1699

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-126.00000 East Longitude:-62.00000
North Latitude:53.00000 South Latitude:24.50000

 
Publications: Chakraborty, S., Lohrenz, S. E., Gundersen, K. 2017. Photophysiological and light absorption properties of phytoplankton communities in the river-dominated margin of the northern G ulf of M exico. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 122(6), 4922-4938. DOI: 10.1002/2016JC012092

Lohrenz, S. E., Cai, W., Chakraborty, S., Huang, W., Guo, X., He, R., Xue, Z., Fennel, K., Howden, S., Tian, H. 2018. Satellite estimation of coastal pCO2 and air-sea flux of carbon dioxide in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Remote Sensing of Environment. 207, 71-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.12.039

Lu, C., Yu, Z., Tian, H., Hennessy, D. A., Feng, H., Al-Kaisi, M., Zhou, Y., Sauer, T., Arritt, R. 2018. Increasing carbon footprint of grain crop production in the US Western Corn Belt. Environmental Research Letters. 13(12), 124007. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aae9fe

Tian, H., Ren, W., Yang, J., Tao, B., Cai, W., Lohrenz, S. E., Hopkinson, C. S., Liu, M., Yang, Q., Lu, C., Zhang, B., Banger, K., Pan, S., He, R., Xue, Z. 2015. Climate extremes dominating seasonal and interannual variations in carbon export from the Mississippi River Basin. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 29(9), 1333-1347. DOI: 10.1002/2014GB005068

Tian, H., Xu, R., Pan, S., Yao, Y., Bian, Z., Cai, W., Hopkinson, C. S., Justic, D., Lohrenz, S., Lu, C., Ren, W., Yang, J. 2020. Long-Term Trajectory of Nitrogen Loading and Delivery From Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 34(5). DOI: 10.1029/2019GB006475

Tian, H., Yang, Q., Najjar, R. G., Ren, W., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hopkinson, C. S., Pan, S. 2015. Anthropogenic and climatic influences on carbon fluxes from eastern North America to the Atlantic Ocean: A process-based modeling study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 120(4), 757-772. DOI: 10.1002/2014JG002760

Yu, Z., Lu, C., Cao, P., Tian, H. 2018. Long-term terrestrial carbon dynamics in the Midwestern United States during 1850-2015: Roles of land use and cover change and agricultural management. Global Change Biology. 24(6), 2673-2690. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14074

Tian, H., Lu, C., Ciais, P., Michalak, A. M., Canadell, J. G., Saikawa, E., Huntzinger, D. N., Gurney, K. R., Sitch, S., Zhang, B., Yang, J., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, G., Dlugokencky, E., Friedlingstein, P., Melillo, J., Pan, S., Poulter, B., Prinn, R., Saunois, M., Schwalm, C. R., Wofsy, S. C. 2016. The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Nature. 531(7593), 225-228. DOI: 10.1038/nature16946

Liu, M., Tian, H., Yang, Q., Yang, J., Song, X., Lohrenz, S. E., Cai, W. 2013. Long-term trends in evapotranspiration and runoff over the drainage basins of the Gulf of Mexico during 1901-2008. Water Resources Research. 49(4), 1988-2012. DOI: 10.1002/wrcr.20180

Huang, W., Cai, W., Powell, R. T., Lohrenz, S. E., Wang, Y., Jiang, L., Hopkinson, C. S. 2012. The stoichiometry of inorganic carbon and nutrient removal in the Mississippi River plume and adjacent continental shelf. Biogeosciences. 9(7), 2781-2792. DOI: 10.5194/bg-9-2781-2012

Guo, X., Cai, W., Huang, W., Wang, Y., Chen, F., Murrell, M. C., Lohrenz, S. E., Jiang, L., Dai, M., Hartmann, J., Lin, Q., Culp, R. 2011. Carbon dynamics and community production in the Mississippi River plume. Limnology and Oceanography. 57(1), 1-17. DOI: 10.4319/lo.2012.57.1.0001

Cai, W., Hu, X., Huang, W., Murrell, M. C., Lehrter, J. C., Lohrenz, S. E., Chou, W., Zhai, W., Hollibaugh, J. T., Wang, Y., Zhao, P., Guo, X., Gundersen, K., Dai, M., Gong, G. 2011. Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication. Nature Geoscience. 4(11), 766-770. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1297

Archived Data Citations: Cai, W.-J., Y. Wang, and W.-J. Huang. 2012. Sea Surface pCO2 measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during the Ocean Survey Vessel Bold cruises in 2006. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/oceans/UG_GoM_UW_Data/2006.data. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.UG_GOM_UW_2006. Xue, Z., R. He, K. Fennel, W. J. Cai, S. Lohrenz, W. J. Huang, H. Tian, W. Ren, and Z. Zang (2016), Modeling pCO2 variability in the Gulf of Mexico, Biogeosciences, 13(15), 4359-4377, DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-4359-2016

Lohrenz, S. E., W.-J. Cai, S. Chakraborty, K. Gundersen, and M. C. Murrell (2013), Nutrient and carbon dynamics in a large river-dominated coastal ecosystem: the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River system, in Biogeochemical Dynamics at Major River-Coastal Interfaces: Linkages with Global Change, edited by T. S. Bianchi, M. A. Allison and W.-J. Cai, pp. 448-472, Cambridge University Press.

Cai, W.-J., Y. Wang, and W.-J. Huang. 2012. Sea Surface pCO2 measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during the Ocean Survey Vessel Bold cruises in 2007. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/oceans/UG_GoM_UW_Data/2007.data. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.UG_GOM_UW_2007

Cai, W.-J., Y. Wang and W.-J. Huang. 2014. Sea surface pCO2 survey in the Gulf of Mexico during the R/V Cape Hatteras cruises in 2009 and 2010. http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ftp/oceans/Cape_Hatteras_GM/. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.Cape_Hatteras_GM

Tian, H., S.E. Lohrenz, S. Pan, W.J. Cai, and R. He. 2019. Export and Leaching of Carbon and Nitrogen from Mississippi River Basin, 1901-2099. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. DOI: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1699

2015 NASA Carbon Cycle & Ecosystems Joint Science Workshop Poster(s)
  • Ocean margins as an increasing sink for the atmospheric carbon dioxide   --   (Wei-Jun Cai, Goulven Laruelle, Xinping Hu, Pierre Regnier)   [abstract]
5th NACP All-Investigators Meeting Posters (2015):
  • The response of inorganic carbon distributions and dynamics to upwelling favorable winds on the northern Gulf of Mexico during summer -- (Wei-Jen Huang, Wei-Jun Cai, Yongchen Wang, Xinping Hu, Baoshan Chen, Steven Lohrenz, Sumit Chakraborty, Ruoying He, Austin Todd, Jay Brandes, Charles Hopkinson) [abstract]
  • Contemporary and projected lateral carbon fluxes from North America to Oceans: A process-based modeling study -- (Hanqin Tian, Qichun Yang, Bowen Zhang, Jia Yang, Shufen Pan, Wei Ren, Chaoqun Lu, Bo Tao, Steven Lohrenz, Wei-Jun Cai, Ruoying He, Marjorie Friedrichs, Raymond Najjar) [abstract]
4th NACP All-Investigators Meeting Posters (2013):
  • Impacts of terrestrial exports on carbon dynamics of the northern Gulf of Mexico -- (Wei-jun Cai) [abstract]
  • Impacts of Population Growth, Urbanization and Agricultural Expansion on Riverine Fluxes and Coastal Ecosystems in the Southeastern U.S. as assessed by the Coupled Land-Ocean Modeling System, Part 1: Riverine Flux Variations -- (Hanqin Tian, Ruoying He, Wei Ren, Bo Tao, Jia Yang, Chaoqun Lu, Qichun Yang, Bowen Zhang, Zuo Xue, Joseph Zambon, Wei-jun Cai, Steven Lohrenz) [abstract]
  • Impacts of Population Growth, Urbanization and Agricultural Expansion on Riverine Fluxes and Coastal Ecosystems in the Southeastern U.S. as assessed by the Coupled Land-Ocean Modeling System, Part 2: Marine Ecosystem Responses -- (Ruoying He, Hanqin Tian, Zuo Xue, Joseph Zambon, Zhigang Yao, Wei Ren, Chaoqun Lu, Bo Tao, Wei-jun Cai, Steven Lohrenz) [abstract]
3rd NACP All-Investigators Meeting Posters (2011):
  • Assessing Impacts of Climate and Land Use Change on Terrestrial-Ocean Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients and Their Cycling in Coastal Ecosystems -- (Steven Lohrenz, Wei-jun Cai, Hanqin Tian, Ruoying He, Mingliang Liu) [abstract]

 

Masek-Nemani-Saatchi-Tucker (2009) (2009)
Project Title:NASA CMS Pilot Projects: Biomass and Carbon Storage

Project Leader(s):

Bruce Cook, NASA GSFC
Forrest Hall, Retired
Jeffrey (Jeff) Masek, NASA GSFC
Ramakrishna (Rama) Nemani, NASA ARC
Sassan Saatchi, Jet Propulsion Laboratory / Caltech
Compton Tucker, NASA GSFC

Solicitation:NASA: Directed Funding (2009)
Successor Projects: Saatchi (CMS 2011)   Saatchi (CMS 2015)  
Abstract: Carbon storage in vegetation represents an important reservoir within the global carbon cycle, and changes in carbon uptake by and storage within vegetation and their soils can have significant impact on the global carbon balance. Vegetation biomass density (Mg dry weight per hectare) is used to estimate the amount of carbon stored in vegetation and emitted to the atmosphere when ecosystems are disturbed (IPCC, 2006). Emissions from vegetation disturbance and land-use and land-cover change are considered the most uncertain component of the global carbon cycle. The uncertainty is attributed to large errors in the spatial distribution of vegetation biomass as well as discrepancies in estimates of land cover and land use change (Houghton et al., 2009). Apart from its scientific merit in understanding the global carbon cycle, accurate and precise quantification of emissions from land use change has also become a key issue for policy makers in light of recent developments relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) in developing nations as a climate mitigation strategy. NASA’s future DESDynl mission will radically improve the current capability by providing direct measurements of biomass from active sensors (Lidar and SAR). The high precision and accuracy of biomass estimation from DESDynl will quantify carbon stock and changes, improve the geographic distribution of carbon sources and sinks, and reduce the uncertainty in global carbon cycle. However, before the launch of DESDynl, distribution of biomass and carbon storage produced from the existing remote sensing and in situ measurements will provide sub-optimum, but necessary information to develop national and international scale REDD policies and Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) frameworks (Goetz et al., 2009; Gibbs et al., 2007) This pilot project is designed to address the urgent need for geospatially explicit, consistent carbon and biomass inventory information to inform national and international policy making by addressing two objectives: 1. To develop prototype data products of national and global biomass (and carbon storage/emissions) that can be assessed with respect to how they meet the nation’s needs for Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) of carbon inventories. 2. To demonstrate our readiness to produce a consistent global biomass/carbon stock distribution using the existing in situ and satellite observations to meet the MRV requirements.
Project Associations:
  • CMS
 CMS Science Theme(s):
  • Land Biomass

Participants:

Amanda Armstrong, NASA GSFC / USRA GESTAR
Richard (Rich) Birdsey, Woodwell Climate Research Center
Bruce Chapman, JPL
Bruce Cook, NASA GSFC
Philip (Phil) DeCola, University of Maryland
Ralph Dubayah, University of Maryland
Temilola (Lola) Fatoyinbo, NASA GSFC
Alexander Fore, JPL
Shannon Franks, NASA GSFC/University of Maryland
Sangram Ganguly, Rhombus Power Inc.
Ziad Haddad, JPL
Forrest Hall, Retired
Chengquan (Cheng) Huang, University of Maryland
George Hurtt, University of Maryland
Kristofer (Kris) Johnson, USDA Forest Service
Michael Lefsky, Colorado State University
Jeffrey (Jeff) Masek, NASA GSFC
Christopher (Chris) Neigh, NASA GSFC
Ramakrishna (Rama) Nemani, NASA ARC
Shadi Oveisgharan, JPL
Yude Pan, USDA Forest Service
Naiara Pinto, JPL
Jacqueline (Jackie) Rosette, Swansea University
Sassan Saatchi, Jet Propulsion Laboratory / Caltech
Juan Suarez, Forestry Commission
Anuradha (Anu) Swatantran, University of Maryland
Compton Tucker, NASA GSFC
Lori Tyahla, NASA GSFC / Global Science and Technology, Inc.
Yifan Yu, UCLA
Gong Zhang, NASA ARC/ Cal State Univ Monterey

Project URL(s): None provided.
 
Data
Products:
Product Title:  CMS Biomass Pilot Project team presentations
Description:  This folder contains

1. County biomass mapping report
2. CMS research on Biomass mapping, ED modeling and error analysis presented at CCE, AGU & Silvilaser 2011
2. Documentation on Ordinary Least Square Regression results for Parker Tract, NC and Maryland.
3. Documentation on Biomass mapping and Change Detection at Garcia Tract.
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in how the Biomass Carbon Maps were generated
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-02-01
Metadata URL(s):
Data Server URL(s):

http://nacp-files.nacarbon.org/biomass_pilot/presentations/
Archived Data Citation:  
Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-123.61000 East Longitude:-71.68000
North Latitude:43.96000 South Latitude:35.78000

Product Title:  CMS- Multi-scale forest biomass maps based on multiple remote sensing inputs
Description:  To support both carbon science and carbon management, the CMS-Biomass pilot project is pursuing a multi-scale approach to generate the “best of kind” quantification of above-ground forest biomass for the US using a broad combination of NASA remote sensing, forest inventory, and ancillary data. Traditionally, above-ground forest biomass for the US has been quantified using the US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data. FIA plots, based on a nominal 5km sample spacing, record structural attributes (including DBH and tree height), stand demographics (age, number of stems, growth, removals, and mortality), and composition. Plot-level biomass is calculated by applying species- or type-specific allometric relationships (e.g. Jenkins et al, 2003) to individual tree DBH and/or height measurements. This approach provides an accurate estimate of US forest biomass at broad spatial scales that will be used as the “Golden Standard” to be compared with the CMS-Biomass maps of forest carbon.

The reseach contribution described here was the result of an approach that leveraged multiple remote sensing inputs (e.g., MODIS, PALSAR, GLAS, Landsat) in combination with FIA plot data to map forest biomass across the US at resolutions of 100-500m. Maps were developed for the continental US, California and Maryland using the same approaches for all.

These maps are designed to benchmark the “best possible” estimation of biomass available from current measurements. ICESat GLAS waveforms were linked to FIA-measured biomass via the Lorey’s Height metric. These waveforms (converted to biomass) were then be used as training for statistical models of biomass, with input data consisting of geospatial inputs (e.g., MODIS, PALSAR, climate, topography, Landsat disturbance, Landsat LAI).

Data Citation:
Cite the continental US data set as follows:
CMS US Forest Biomass Map:
Team Members:
NASA/JPL: Saatchi S, Yifan Yu, Fore, Alex, Nuemann, M., Chapman, B., Nguyen,
NASA/ARC: Nemani, R., Ganguly, S., Zhang, G., Votava, P.,
NASA/GSFC: Masek, J., Tucker, C., Hall, F., Nelson, R., Cook, B.
USDA/FS: Birdsey, R., Healey, S., Johnson, K.,
UMD: Dubayah, R.
CSU: Lefsky, M.


Data Characteristics:
Data Layers:
AGB: Aboveground Biomass Density (Mg/ha)
Lorey H: Basal Area Weighted Height (m)
NLCD: Filtered National Land Cover Data
Percent Uncertainty: Biomass Error Map (%)


Projection: Geographic Lat/Lon
Geodetic Datum: WGS-84
Data Type: 32 bits Floating point
Compression Type: Geotiff

Data Application and Derivation:
Data should be used for validation and comparison with other national and local maps. This is a preliminary product with limited validation and uncertainty analysis. We will be using the FIA data to validate and improve the accuracy and the spatial resolution of the data to 3 arcsec (~90 m).
Quality Assessment:
Will be performed by the CMS team to guide the final production of the map.


Cite the California data set as follows:
CMS California Biomass Maps
Team Members:
NASA/JPL: Saatchi S, Yifan Yu, Fore, Alex, Nuemann, M., Chapman, B., Nguyen,
NASA/ARC: Nemani, R., Ganguly, S., Zhang, G., Votava, P.,
NASA/GSFC: Masek, J., Tucker, C., Hall, F., Nelson, R., Cook, B.
USDA/FS: Birdsey, R., Healey, S., Johnson, K.,
UMD: Dubayah, R.
CSU: Lefsky, M.


Data Characteristics:
Data Layers:
AGB: Aboveground Biomass Density (Mg/ha)
Lorey H: Basal Area Weighted Height (m)
NLCD: Filtered National Land Cover Data
Percent Uncertainty: Biomass Error Map (%)


Projection: Geographic Lat/Lon
Geodetic Datum: WGS-84
Data Type: 32 bits Floating point
Compression Type: Geotiff
Status:  Preliminary
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Carbon cycle scientists
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-04-01
Metadata URL(s):

http://nacp-files.nacarbon.org/biomass_pilot/JPL_ARC_Maps/
Data Server URL(s):

http://nacp-files.nacarbon.org/biomass_pilot/JPL_ARC_Maps/
Archived Data Citation:  

Product Title:  CMS: LiDAR-derived Estimates of Aboveground Biomass at Four Forested Sites, USA
Start Date:  01/2011      End Date:  12/2011     (2011)
Description:  These data consist of high-resolution maps of aboveground biomass at four forested sites in the US: Garcia River Tract in California, Anne Arundel and Howard Counties in Maryland, Parker Tract in North Carolina, and Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. Biomass maps were generated using a combination of field data (forest inventory and Lidar) and modeling approaches. Estimates of uncertainty are also provided for the Maryland site using two different modeling methodologies.These data provide estimates of aboveground biomass for the nominal year of 2011 at 20-50 meter resolution in units of megagrams of carbon per hectare (or acre for the Garcia Tract site).The data are presented as a series of 11 GeoTIFF (.tif) files.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  Land Biomass
Keywords:  Carbon Stocks (; terrestrial)
Spatial Extent:  Site Locations: California: Garcia River; Maryland: Anne Arundel and Howard counties; North Carolina: Parker Tract; New Hampshire: Hubbard Brook
Spatial Resolution:  20-50 m
Temporal Frequency:  Once
Input Data Products:  Small-footprint LiDAR, ALOS/PALSAR radar data and Landsat time
Algorithm/Models Used:  Ordinary least squares regression (OLS), and Bayesian model averaging (BMA)
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  Uncertainty in the Maryland biomass estimates derives from multiple factors, including, but not limited to: field sampling errors and uneven spatial distribution, uncertainty in remote-sensing data products, choice of grid cell size, and model error.
Application Areas:  - MRV; - Land management ; - Forest inventory
Relevant Policies/Programs:  FIA, Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), Maryland
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in terrestrial carbon budgets
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-02-01
Assigned Data Center:  ORNL DAAC
Metadata URL(s):

http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1257
Data Server URL(s):

http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1257
Archived Data Citation:  Cook, B., A. Swatantran, L. Duncanson, A. Armstrong, N. Pinto, R. Nelson. 2014. CMS: LiDAR-derived Estimates of Aboveground Biomass at Four Forested Sites, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. DOI: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1257

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-123.61000 East Longitude:-76.36000
North Latitude:43.96000 South Latitude:35.78000

Product Title:  CMS: LiDAR-derived Estimates of Aboveground Biomass at Four Forested Sites, USA
Start Date:  01/2011      End Date:  12/2011
Description:  These data consist of high-resolution maps of aboveground biomass at four forested sites in the US: Garcia River Tract in California, Anne Arundel and Howard Counties in Maryland, Parker Tract in North Carolina, and Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. Biomass maps were generated using a combination of field data (forest inventory and Lidar) and modeling approaches. Estimates of uncertainty are also provided for the Maryland site using two different modeling methodologies.These data provide estimates of aboveground biomass for the nominal year of 2011 at 20-50 meter resolution in units of megagrams of carbon per hectare (or acre for the Garcia Tract site).The data are presented as a series of 11 GeoTIFF (.tif) files.
Status:  Archived
CMS Science Theme(s):  
Keywords:  
Spatial Extent:  
Spatial Resolution:  
Temporal Frequency:  
Input Data Products:  
Algorithm/Models Used:  
Evaluation:  
Intercomparison Efforts/Gaps:  
Uncertainty Estimates:  
Uncertainty Categories:  
Application Areas:  
Relevant Policies/Programs:  
Potential Users:  Scientists interested in terrestrial carbon budgets
Stakeholders:  
Current Application Readiness Level:  
Start Application Readiness Level:  
Target Application Readiness Level:  
Future Developments:  
Limitations:  
Date When Product Available:  2012-02-01
Assigned Data Center:  ORNL DAAC
Metadata URL(s):

http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1257
Data Server URL(s):

http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1257
Archived Data Citation:  Cook, B., A. Swatantran, L. Duncanson, A. Armstrong, N. Pinto, R. Nelson. 2014. CMS: LiDAR-derived Estimates of Aboveground Biomass at Four Forested Sites, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. DOI: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1257

Bounding Coordinates:
West Longitude:-123.61000 East Longitude:-76.36000
North Latitude:43.96000 South Latitude:35.78000

 
Publications: Hall, F. G., Hilker, T., Coops, N. C. 2012. Data assimilation of photosynthetic light-use efficiency using multi-angular satellite data: I. Model formulation. Remote Sensing of Environment. 121, 301-308. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.02.007

Hilker, T., Hall, F. G., Tucker, C. J., Coops, N. C., Black, T. A., Nichol, C. J., Sellers, P. J., Barr, A., Hollinger, D. Y., Munger, J. W. 2012. Data assimilation of photosynthetic light-use efficiency using multi-angular satellite data: II Model implementation and validation. Remote Sensing of Environment. 121, 287-300. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.02.008

Archived Data Citations: Cook, B., A. Swatantran, L. Duncanson, A. Armstrong, N. Pinto, R. Nelson. 2014. CMS: LiDAR-derived Estimates of Aboveground Biomass at Four Forested Sites, USA. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. DOI: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1257

2015 NASA Carbon Cycle & Ecosystems Joint Science Workshop Poster(s)
  • G-LiHT: Multi-Sensor Airborne Image Data from Denali to the Yucatan   --   (Bruce Cook, Lawrence A Corp, Douglas Morton, Joel McCorkel)   [abstract]   [poster]
  • Terrestrial Ecosystem, Carbon Cycle, Landuse Landcover Change, Biodiversity (TECLUB) Measurement Requirements for the Next Decade   --   (Forrest G Hall, Scott J Goetz)   [abstract]
  • Mapping Stand Ages of Primary Forests in Northern Hemisphere Using Remote Sensing Data   --   (Gong Zhang, Weile Wang, Ensheng Weng, Sangram Ganguly, Sassan Saatchi, Ramakrishna R. Nemani)   [abstract]
4th NACP All-Investigators Meeting Posters (2013):
  • Mapping Stand Age of global primary forests Using Remote Sensing Data -- (Gong Zhang, Weile Wang, Sangram Ganguly, Ensheng Weng, Sassan Saatchi, Yifan Yu, Ramakrishna R. Nemani) [abstract]
  • Estimation of Aboveground Biomass at a High Spatial Resolution Using an Extensive Data Record of Satellite Derived Metrics: A Case Study with California -- (Sangram Ganguly, Gong Zhang, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Sassan Saatchi, Cristina Milesi, Michael White, Yifan Yu, Alexander Fore, Weile Wang, Petr Votava, Ranga B. Myneni) [abstract]